Glossary Papakupu

Explanations of abbreviations and acronyms.
All ' 1 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

    T

    Tachometer indicator
    The engine and rotor RPM indication are presented to the pilot as a percentage on a dual tachometer indicator located on the instrument panel. Under normal operating conditions both the engine and rotor indications are matched in the green arc from 101–104 per cent RPM.
    TAF
    Terminal Aerodrome Forecast
    Tail boom
    The tail boom extends out from the rear of the body of the helicopter.
    Tailcone
    The tailcone, commonly known as the tail boom, is a structural system that extends out of the helicopter’s fuselage. The tail rotor assembly and empennage are attached to the rear of the tailcone.
    Tailpin
    The connecting rod that joins the couplers drawbar to the chassis and holds the carriage’s spring-pack system together, which suppresses in-train movement forces when the train is moving.
    Take-off roll
    The portion of the take-off procedure during which an aircraft is accelerated from a standstill to an airspeed that provides sufficient lift for it to become airborne.
    Tally
    Record of quantities of goods loaded or discharged
    Tamper
    A machine used to pack (tamp) the track ballast under railway tracks to make the tracks more level.
    Tank Terminal
    Facility for storage and transfer of liquid bulk products
    Tapered monocoque
    A structural system in which the outer skin carries all or a major part of the stresses, in a manner similar to an eggshell.
    TAR
    Track Access Request
    Task Instruction
    A Task Instruction is issued by KiwiRail and provides details of the requirements covering a specified topic. For example, the Level Crossing Alarms and Barrier Installations Task Instruction covers the testing, description, installation and maintenance requirements for level crossings.
    Taxiing
    Taxi means movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome or on water, excluding take-off and landing, but including, in the case of helicopters, operation over the surface of an aerodrome within a height band associated with ground effect and at speeds associated with air taxiing
    Taxiway
    Path for aircraft moving between runways and aprons
    TBO escalation programme
    A TBO escalation programme is a CAA-acceptable means of compliance, to extend engines beyond the manufacturer’s recommended overhaul limit.
    TCD Manual
    The Traffic Control Devices Manual, produced by Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency
    Te Huia
    The operational name of the Auckland to Hamilton passenger rail service operated by KiwiRail.
    Team leader
    Crew member responsible for leading the hospitality services team.
    Technical log
    A running written record of daily flying hours and serviceability state.
    Technical Standard Order
    A minimum performance standard for specified materials, parts and appliances used on civil aircraft.
    Teetering
    ‘Teetering’ is the see-saw movement of a two-blade rotor about the teeter bolt or centrally mounted rotor.
    Telegraph
    A telegraph is a communications device used by a bridge team to give main-engine orders to a vessel’s main engine.
    Telescopic ladder
    Having a construction consisting of sections designed to slide over one another
    Temporary speed boards
    Line-side signs that mark the start and finish of a temporary speed restriction
    Temporary speed restriction
    A temporary speed restriction reduces the speed limit on a track while track-related faults are waiting for repair or undergoing repair. Caution speed boards are placed next to the track, alerting a train driver 1.5 km ahead and allowing the crew to reduce the train’s speed before it reaches the known fault. This temporary speed restriction had been in place for a period of time before the weather event.
    Temporary traffic management
    Temporary protections put in place to protect road users from potentially hazardous or unusual situations such as roadworks or traffic accidents. Protections may be in the form of warning devices, high-visibility road cones and stop/go direction from road workers, as well as other methods.
    Tender
    A small vessel carried by a larger vessel, used to transport people and goods to and from a shore or another vessel
    Terminal
    Wharf, buildings and marshalling area
    Terminal arrival altitude
    A terminal arrival altitude provides a transition from an en-route structure to an approach procedure
    Terminal brake test
    A terminal brake test must be carried out when any locomotive-hauled train is made up or any wagon is added to a train. The test involves checking both sides of each wagon on the train to ensure the braking system is connected correctly and functioning in both application and release.
    Terminal roll-on inspection
    An inspection intended to detect rail vehicle irregularities that are not so apparent when the vehicle is stationary. Potential irregularities include; wheels derailed during the loading process, loose backing rings or hot axle bearings, skids or flat spots on wheels, and dragging equipment.
    Terminal velocity
    The equilibrium velocity that a freefalling body can attain against the resistance of the air. The greatest speed at which a body falls through the atmosphere.
    Territorial waters
    The marine area within 12 nautical miles (NM) of the low-water mark.
    Tetrahydrocannabinol
    The principal psychoactive constituent found in cannabis.
    TEU
    Twenty-foot equivalent unit - a container size measure
    TG
    Tauranga Airport
    TG
    Tauranga Airport
    The angle of bank
    The angle at which a vehicle is inclined about its longitudinal axis with respect to the plane of its curved path.
    The bar
    The sandbar at the harbour entrance
    The International Maritime Organization (IMO)
    A specialised agency of the United Nations that is the global standard-setting authority for the safety, security and environmental performance of international shipping.
    The low-pressure fuel system
    The low-pressure fuel system typically operated at 8 bar pressure or 800 kilopascals. Unit of pressure – 1 bar is equal to 100 kilopascals (SI metric unit)
    The National Wildfire Coordinating Group
    The National Wildfire Coordinating Group established standards defining how helicopter operations were to be conducted under the exclusive direction and operational control of federal, state and local agencies.
    The Noises
    The Noises is a group of islands, rock stacks and reefs within the inner Hauraki Gulf Marine Park/Tīkapa Moana. The largest islands are Ōtata Island and Motuhoropapa Island.
    The point of derailment (POD)
    The exact location where the first wheel flange lost guidance from the rail.
    The stabilised approach
    The stabilised approach, based on aviation practices, has been developed by RSSB into the non-technical skills training as the Observe, Understand, Decide and Act model.
    The standing orders
    The rules that are posted by the vessel’s captain and/or the operator to be understood by each watchkeeper operating the vessel
    The train monitoring system (TMS)
    A system distributed throughout the train that is able to collect the status information of various systems and relay this to the driver and on board staff via display panels.
    Third Rail
    Conductor rail supplying electric power to trains
    Thread root
    The bottom of the groove between the two flanking surfaces of the thread.
    Threshold
    The beginning of an airport runway on which an aircraft can attempt to land.
    Throttle position
    The locomotive’s power positions between idle and eight
    Throttle twistgrip
    A handgrip style engine control located on the collective lever used to select cut off, ground idle and flight idle. If the FADEC system is in manual mode, the throttle twistgrip is used to modulate engine and rotor RPM
    Throughput
    Amount of cargo or traffic handled over a period
    Thruster
    A transversal propulsion device built into, or mounted to, the bow of a ship or boat to make it more manoeuvrable.
    Timber dunnage
    Packaging material, such as timber blocks and boards, air pillows and foam, used to prevent damage to cargo and to provide friction between cargo and a deck.
    Timber shoring
    Props used to support or hold up an unstable object.
    Time lapse
    Time-lapse digital images taken five minutes apart
    Time-lapse camera
    A camera system that captures still digital images at regular intervals, rather than as moving video.
    Timetable
    Published schedule of train or flight operations
    Timetable software
    The timetable software used was the Operational Management System (OMS), which provided information to the train controller such as train sizes and destinations. It was used for, among other things, scheduling and train routing decisions.
    Tip-over landing
    A landing where the basket does not remain upright, but tips over onto its side.
    Toolbox meeting
    An informal safety meeting generally conducted at the job site before the start of a job or work shift – it forms part of an organisation's overall safety programme
    Toolbox talk
    An informal safety meeting generally conducted at the job site before the commencement of a job or work shift – it is part of an organisation's overall safety programme
    Top
    The longitudinal level of the running surfaces on both rails.
    Top box
    The top box is the sealed box located above the generator set where soundproof material covers the exhaust silencer.
    Top of descend
    When an aircraft transitions from the cruise phase of flight and starts to descend for the approach.
    Top of descent
    When an aircraft transitions from the cruise phase of flight and starts to descend for the approach
    Topdressing
    The aerial application of fertilisers over farmland using agricultural aircraft.
    Topside
    The side part of a vessel's hull above the waterline.
    Torque wrench
    A tool used to apply a specific torque to a fastener, such as a nut or bolt
    Torsional
    Twisting of the shaft caused by an applied force.
    Torsional damage
    Twisting of the shaft caused by applied force, in this case rotation of the tail rotor drive.
    Touch-and-go
    Touch-and-go is a landing followed immediately by a take-off
    Towage
    Service of assisting a vessel by towing or pushing
    Tower
    Tower provides the air traffic control service for the area on and in the immediate vicinity of the aerodrome.
    Tower controller
    an air traffic control position responsible for movements at a controlled aerodrome
    Track Circuit
    Electrical circuit used to detect train occupancy of a track section
    Track circuit joint
    An insulated joint separating two adjacent lengths of rail track that enables sensors to detect when a train moves from one section of rail across the insulated joint to the next section of rail. At a crossing loop within a Track Warrant controlled area, only those tracks within 400m of loop are fitted with sensors.
    Track circuitry
    An electrical circuit where current is carried through the rails and used to detect the absence of trains.
    Track evaluation car
    A track evaluation car uses a system with sensors to measure the track geometry, and computer software to continually analyse the measurements. The system produces a real-time graphical output and a separate exception report that identifies location, type and priority wherever follow-up maintenance is required.
    Track formation
    The track formation is the supporting material used under and around rail sleepers; it supports the track and includes the lower supporting compacted materials used in construction.
    Track inspection
    A track inspection is undertaken by a certified rail person, who conducts inspections of the track and structures within the rail corridor.
    Track machines
    Specialised machines capable of travelling on a railway to conduct track maintenance.
    Track meterage
    Each rail line is identified by track meterage starting from a 0.000 km location and is set out in half-kilometer and full-kilometer sections until the end of the line. 17 A rail employee who controls rail vehicle movements.
    Track metrage sign
    Trackside signage indicating the track meterage.
    Track relays
    Electrical device used in railway signalling systems to detect the presence of trains on a section of track.
    Track suit
    A method of detecting the presence of a train or vehicle on a line whereby an electrical device uses the rails and vehicle axles as an electrical circuit.
    Track time
    Track time is the time allocated by train control for track workers to take possession of a section of track to conduct maintenance or repair work. Train control provides track workers with protection from rail traffic for the duration of that time.
    Track warrant
    A systematised permission used on some rail lines to authorise trains’ use of the lines. Train controllers issue the permissions to drivers of trains instead of using signals. The drivers generally receive track warrants by radio.
    Track warrant territory
    An area operating on verbal and written instructions from train control indicating limits of authority, as opposed to following red or green trackside signals.
    Track worker
    A person who is part of an infrastructure team carrying out maintenance and repair of the railway track.
    Track workers
    Competent workers whose primary duties are associated with work on or around infrastructure in the rail corridor.
    Traffic Collision Avoidance System
    An aircraft system based on secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals, which operates independently of ground-based equipment to provide advice to pilots of potential conflicting aircraft that are equipped with SSR transponders. An SSR is a surveillance radar system that uses transmitters/receivers (interrogators) and transponders
    Traffic Management Plan
    A method of controlling vehicles and people within an area of unusual activity such as roadworks or major events
    Traffic Management Plan (TMP)
    A document outlining the position of roadworks and the various protection methods employed to carry out roadwork safely. It must be approved by a qualified person.
    Train brake
    Brakes used on the carriages to enable deceleration.
    Train brake pipe
    A pipe that runs the length of a train connecting all the wagons. The pipe is kept permanently under pressure. Brake control is achieved by varying the pressure in the train brake pipe.
    Train control
    The centre from where the movement of all rail vehicles and track access in a specified area are brought under the direction of a Train Controller
    Train control diagram
    A document that records all information about activity on the relevant railway line over a 24-hour period. Train controllers annotate the diagram in real time to show activities such as train movements, track occupations, track faults, temporary speed restrictions, weather events, and any other pertinent information that arises.
    Train control graph
    A diagram used by train controllers to record all activity on the network under their control.
    Train control protections
    Train control established protection by holding signals providing entry into the area at red (stop). This prevented rail traffic from entering the same area as the HRVs.
    Train controller
    A person qualified to authorise rail movements and track access. Train controllers operate in a train control centre.
    Train data recorder
    A device that continuously captures and stores train systems’ data. The data stored typically includes location, speed, locomotive power setting, brake pressure, dynamic brake, whistle activation, time and duration of radio communications, and vigilance activation and cancellation. The data is downloaded and used in the evaluation of incidents and accidents.
    Train documentation
    Documentation that includes speed restriction advice for the route, train work orders, details of locomotive numbers, a list of wagons in standing order, the train-end monitor number, train weight and length graphs and the train inspection certificate.
    Train event recorder
    A device that continuously captures and stores train systems’ data. The data stored typically includes location, speed, brake pressure, dynamic brake, whistle activation, vigilance activation and cancellation. The data is used to evaluate incidents and accidents
    Train examiner
    A person qualified to carry out a full terminal brake test, a pre-departure inspection above and below a wagon’s decks while a train is stationary – before issuing a certificate to the driver as confirmation that the train is safe to run to its destination.
    Train Management System (TMS)
    The onboard computer data system that is connected through each carriage and into the locomotive.
    Train manager
    Train managers are responsible for rail passenger comfort and safety. They manage passenger loading and unloading, provide passengers with information and may issue tickets, handle money and operate emergency equipment. They are supported by the train attendants in this function.
    Train Manager (TM)
    Manages the train’s operational requirements for the journey.
    Train parting
    A loss of connection between adjacent wagons, leaving the brake hose no longer connected.
    Train simulation
    A locomotive cab controls console, connected to a computer system, to simulate the train’s movements along the train and to record the inputs from the LE.
    Train stop trip
    A piece of equipment fitted to some passenger trains that activates emergency braking if the train passes certain signals at stop. Because of its design, the equipment can also be activated by an obstruction on the trackside, such as a build-up of vegetation or rock debris.
    Train stop trip lever
    The lever that activates the train stop trip
    Train's event recorder
    A device that continuously captures and stores train systems’ data. The data stored typically includes location, speed, brake pressure, dynamic brake, whistle activation, vigilance activation and cancellation. The data is used to evaluate incidents and accidents.
    Train's vigilance system
    A system fitted to locomotives for the protection of crew. The system can carry out a number of functions, including applying the brakes automatically when a train separates.
    Train-stops
    Trackside mechanical devices that activate the train brakes after a train has passed the signal at Red–Stop.
    Trainee locomotive engineer
    A locomotive engineer undergoing on-job training prior to certification.
    Trains crossing
    Rail terminology for trains meeting each other at a purpose-designed crossing loop. The crossing loop allows trains to pass each other on a single-line track.
    Train’s vigilance system
    A system fitted to locomotives for the protection of the crew. The system can carry out a number of functions, including applying the brakes automatically when wagons become disconnected.
    Transdev Wellington
    Transdev Wellington is the operator of Wellington’s Metlink rail network.
    Transit Shed
    Port warehouse for short-term storage of cargo
    Transition heads
    Equipment used to make one type of coupler compatible with a different type of coupler.
    Transitional flight
    The transient state as the helicopter transitions from one established flight phase to another, such as from a hover to forward flight or vice versa.
    Translational speed
    An airspeed after which a helicopter’s rotor system generates additional lift for a given power setting. The exact speed is variable dependent on helicopter type and environmental conditions, but ranges from about 16 to 24 knots.
    Transom
    The transom is the vertical and transverse part of the hull at the extreme aft of the jet boat.
    Transponder
    Electronic devices that produce responses when they receive radio-frequency interrogation. Aircraft have transponders to assist in their identification on air traffic control radar
    Tranz Rail
    Tranz Rail was the main rail operator in New Zealand from 1991 until it was purchased by Toll Holdings in 2003.
    Tranzlog
    The train’s ’black box’ data recorder.
    Tranzlog data recording system
    Records and stores operational data from the locomotive and connecting carriages.
    Trawl warp
    A synthetic rope used to haul in trawl fishing nets
    Trawler
    A fishing vessel used for trawling
    Trawling
    Towing the net to catch fish
    Trigger Action Response Plan (TARP)
    A trigger action response plan (TARP) outlines the process to be followed if an occurrence happens.
    Triggered Action Response Plan
    A plan used to give guidance on responding and acting or following tested procedures in an event
    TS90
    KiwiRail Job Plan Book
    TSB
    Transportation Safety Board of Canada
    TSR
    Temporary Speed Restriction
    TST levers
    A lever connected to Transdev trains that is activated when it comes into contact with an obstruction and, in turn, activates the train’s braking system. It was designed to interact with equipment at selected signal locations to mitigate trains running past signals at stop.
    Tug
    A powerful boat which helps in a mooring or unmooring operation by towing or pushing the vessel.
    Tugboat
    A powerful boat which helps in a mooring or unmooring operation by towing or pushing the vessel
    TURAK
    A STAR waypoint near Turakirae Head, located approximately 8 nautical miles south-east of Wellington Airport
    Turbulence
    light: slight erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude moderate: changes in altitude and/or attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times. It usually causes variations in indicated airspeed. Occupants feel definite strain against seatbelts. Unsecured objects are dislodged. Food service and walking are difficult severe: large, abrupt changes in altitude and/or attitude. Usually causes large variations in indicated airspeed. Aircraft may be momentarily out of control. Occupants are forced violently against seatbelts. Unsecured objects are tossed about. Food service and walking are impossible extreme: aircraft is violently tossed about and is practically impossible to control. May cause structural damage
    Turnbuckles
    A screw device used for adjusting the tension or the length of ropes, cables, tie rods and other tensioning systems.
    Turning moment
    The rudder’s force acting over the distance to the vessel’s pivot point, resulting in a turning effect
    Turnout
    Assembly of rails allowing trains to diverge from a track
    TWACS
    A computer-based system used by train controllers to prepare and issue track warrants safely. It does so by checking against previous prepares, issues and cancellations to ensure that conflicts do not exist.
    TWC
    Track Warrant Control
    Tween deck
    A space between two continuous decks of a vessel. In this case the ‘tween deck was made by inserting removable pontoons to divide the cargo hold, creating an extra deck between the bottom of the cargo hold and the hatch top.
    Tween deck pontoons
    Raft-like steel structures used to partition cargo holds into ‘tween and mezzanine decks as required.
    Twist
    A variation in cant over a base length of 4 m.
    Twist lock
    Inserts into the corner casting of a shipping container to allow the container to be connected and locked to other containers
    Twist locks
    Twist locks are fitted to shipping containers to allow the containers to lock together when stacked. See Glossary for photo of a twist lock.
    Type 14 bogies
    Metal frames, each equipped with two wheelsets and able to rotate freely in plan, used in pairs under a wagon body to improve ride quality and better distribute forces to the track.
    Type 401 lifejackets
    Designed to keep the wearer in a face up position while in the water.
    Type Certificate
    A Type Certificate is issued by a Regulatory Authority and signifies the airworthiness of a particular category of aircraft, according to its manufacturing design.