Glossary Papakupu

Explanations of abbreviations and acronyms.

All ' 1 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

C

CAA: Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand

CAAP: Civil Aviation Advisory Publication (Australia)

Cabin attendant: The normal positions are rear and forward cabin attendants, with the rear cabin attendant having overall responsibility for managing the cabin.

Cabin Baggage: Hand luggage carried by air passengers

Cant: The height of one rail above another rail. Also known as ‘cross level’

Cant deficiency: Cant is the designed amount that one rail is raised above the other on a curve. Cant deficiency is the theoretical amount the high rail must be raised to restore equilibrium for a train travelling at speed on a curve with a given cant.

CAO: Civil Aviation Order (Australia)

Capsize: Vessel overturned in the water

Carburettor: A carburettor is a component used in a combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering the engine cylinders. The carburettor’s throttle valve, known as the butterfly valve, regulates the flow of the air/fuel mixture entering the engine cylinders.

Cargo Manifold: Shipboard piping assembly for loading and discharging liquid cargoes

Cargo stoppers: Cargo-lashing devices consisting of steel plates welded to the deck to prevent cargo sliding and tipping. Additional pieces of steel can be welded to these plates to prevent the vertical movement of cargo.

Cargo superintendent: A shore-based worker engaged by a cargo owner to assist with managing cargo unloading. They inspect the cargo prior to discharge and after landing, and liaise with all relevant onshore and offshore departments.

Carline: Fore and aft beam that provides an attachment between the hull and the sides of cabins, hatches and cockpits on a boat.

Carriage: A rail vehicle that conveys passengers.

Carriage-coupler system: The connection between two carriages or rail vehicles.

CARs: Civil Aviation Rules

CASA: Civil Aviation Safety Authority (Australia)

Castings: Castings are blocks of cast steel positioned on each of the 8 corners of a shipping container. Each casting has three holes to allow twist locks to be fitted so containers can be connected vertically or horizontally. See Glossary for a photo.

Catch sensors: Electronic transmitters fitted to the top of the cod end of the net (where the fish are caught) that monitor the amount of catch and warn when the cod end is full

Catenary: Overhead wire system supplying electric traction power

CCC: Christchurch City Council

CCTV: Closed-circuit television

Ceiling (aviation): The ceiling is the height above the surface of the base of the lowest layer of cloud covering more than half the sky.

Centre of gravity: The centre of gravity is the single point in an object through which the weight (force of gravity) can be considered to act.

Centreline: An imaginary line running from forward to aft in the middle of a vessel

Certificate of airworthiness: A certificate (also called ‘airworthiness certificate’) issued by the regulator declaring that the aircraft meets the airworthiness requirements.

Certificate of fitness: A certificate of roadworthiness issued once a vehicle passes a safety inspection conducted by a certified inspection agency.

Certificate of release to service: A certification statement by a licensed aircraft maintenance engineer that maintenance has been performed in accordance with Civil Aviation Rules.

Certificates (gliding): Glider pilot certificates of gliding achievement or training, such as the A and B certificates and the Qualified Glider Pilot Certificate, issued by GNZ under delegated authority from the CAA

CFI: Chief flying instructor

CFIT: An airworthy aircraft under the complete control of a pilot is inadvertently flown into terrain, water or an obstacle.

CH: Christchurch Airport

Challenge-respond techniques: Methods of verifying with the other party that information being presented is correct if errors are suspected.

Channel 16: Channel 16 is the international distress and calling channel for VHF.

Channel 65: Stewart Island Marine Radio ZLRZ

Chart plotter: A chart plotter is a navigational device that uses electronic charts to display navigational information.

Charter Party: Contract between shipowner and charterer for vessel use

Chassis: The steel structure that supports the wheels and suspension systems and above carriage structure.

Check-in monitoring system: A recommended, but not compulsory, safety measure whereby a vessel’s skipper makes a radio report to Coastguard before and after crossing a coastal bar. If Coastguard is unable to confirm that the vessel has crossed the bar safely, search and rescue procedures are initiated.

Cheek plates: Plates on each side of the sheave, to prevent the wire from coming off the sheave

Chief Integrated Rating (CIR): A boatswain, also known as a petty officer on a merchant ship, who controls the work of other seamen

Chief officer: Deck officer next in rank below master, head of the deck department; also known as the first officer.

Chilly bin: A colloquial term for an insulated food container.

Chord (parachute): The straight line distance from the leading edge of an aerofoil to the trailing edge

Chord length: The straight line joining the centres of the leading and trailing edges of a blade.

Chord transition: The chord length increases, from 10 to 10.7 inches (25.4 to 27 centimetres), outboard of a point at approximately 120 inches (304 centimetres) from the centreline of the main rotor driveshaft.

Chord(wise): The distance from the centre of the radius of a leading edge to the centre of the radius of a trailing edge of a wing or blade

Chordwise: From the leading edge to the trailing edge

CIMS: Coordinated Incident Management System

Circadian rhythm: The circadian rhythm is a well-recognised physiological phenomenon. The time that an accident occurs is commonly analysed as part of investigative processes. (NTSB, 2006; TSB, 2014)

Circuit breaker: An electrical safety device designed to protect an electrical circuit from an overcurrent or short circuit.

Circuits: The specified path to be flown by aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aerodrome

Class 5 licence: Driver licence for heavy combination vehicles (truck and trailer) with gross combined weights over 25 thousand kilograms. See www.nzta.govt.nz/driver-licences/getting-a-licence/licences-by-vehicle-type/what-you-can-drive.

Class C airspace: In Class C airspace, visual flight rules (VFR) flights are separated from instrument flight rules (IFR) flights and receive traffic information in respect of other VFR flights.

Class G airspace: Under the International Civil Aviation Organization agreement and the New Zealand CARs, airspace is classified into seven classes, A to G. Classes A to F relate to various categories of controlled airspace, while class G is uncontrolled airspace.

Classification society: A maritime society that sets technical rules based on experience and research, confirms that designs and calculations meet these rules, surveys ships and structures during the process of construction and commissioning, and periodically surveys vessels to ensure they continue to meet the rules.

Clean burn: An effect created when a fire is of sufficient intensity to remove the coating created by the smoke plume, exposing the substrate underneath, in this case the steel bulkhead of the hold.

Clear away: Remove lashings and disengage windlass gears so that the anchors are ready to be let go by opening the brakes. A windlass is a horizontally mounted mechanical winch used for anchoring operations.

Clevedon: Clevedon and Drury are designated visual reporting points for aircraft flying into Ardmore, to achieve geographical separation for inbound and outbound aircraft.

Clevis fastener: A clevis fastener is a U-shaped fastener that has holes at the end of the prongs to accept the clevis pin. It is screwed onto the ends of the latch block connecting rods.

Cloud cover: Cloud cover is measured in okta, a unit representing 1/8 of the sky. Cloud cover is estimated in terms of how many eighths of the sky are covered in cloud, ranging from 0 to 8 oktas. Scattered is 3–4 okta, broken 5–7 okta.

Clutch shaft aft yoke: The clutch shaft aft yoke connects to the intermediate flex plate.

CO2: Carbon dioxide

Coaching for Competency: The Coaching for Competency training course is designed to equip ‘On-the-Job’ coaches, trainers, minders, verifiers, buddies and approved persons with the skills and knowledge required to be effective trainers who can design and deliver activities to support On-the-Job Training and collect information for assessments.

Coast: Movement when no power or braking is applied and the train is allowed to continue under its own momentum.

Coastal state: The country that holds jurisdiction over the territorial waters concerned.

Coasted: If a connection with an aircraft is lost, the ADS-B system calculates the likely position of the aircraft, based on its previous position, altitude and speed, and labels it as ‘coasted’ rather than received data for the purpose of predicting the location of the aircraft until a connection is re-established.

Cod end: The end of the net where the fish are caught, normally has an easy slip rope to empty the net.

Code: The Code of Practice for Temporary Traffic Management (the best-practice guideline for temporary traffic management in New Zealand)

Coking: A process where oil heated to high temperatures in the absence of oxygen releases all the volatile components. A hard and strong high-carbon material named coke is left behind.

Collared vessel: A rigid-hulled vessel that has rigid alloy or inflatable buoyancy chambers around the periphery of the hull

Collective: One of the flight controls used by a helicopter pilot to ‘collectively’ adjust the pitch angle of all main rotor blades at the same time to alter the amount of thrust/lift being produced.

Collective lever: A flight control located on a pilot’s left side that alters the collective pitch of the main rotor blades, and therefore the rotor thrust generated.

Collective potentiometer: A device that measures the position of the collective lever and provides that information to the ECU to assist with computing power requirements

Collins Lanyard: A connection between risers to ensure that both are released together

Collision: An accident involving two vessels or vehicles

COLREGs: International Regulations for Preventing Collisions

Command: To have control of a ship and to be in charge

Commercial glider operation: A commercial glider operation is a flight for the carriage of passengers or goods for hire or reward.

Competency Assessment Tests (rail): For train drivers at Transdev Wellington include Driving Electric Multiple Units, Local Instructions, Crew Resource Management, Automatic Signalling, Defensive Driving, Electrification Awareness and Alertness Management.

Complex system: A complex system is one where multiple individual, but interrelated, components interact.

Complex systems: A system where multiple individual but interrelated components interact.

Composite sleepers: Beams placed at regular spaces at right angles to and under rails. Their purpose is to support the rails and ensure the correct gauge is maintained between the rails.

Compulsory stop boards (CSBs): A set of boards that indicates the start and finish points of an individual worksite in a PWA.

Compulsory-stop board: A safe-working notice board inscribed ‘stop’ and/or displaying a red coloured symbol, at which all trains must stop and must not pass until authorised.

Compulsory-stop protection: A sequence of boards used to protect rail personnel and rail vehicles from entering a planned Protected Work Area

Concession: A lease, licence, permit or easement granted under Section 2 of the Conservation Act 1987

Conduct of the ship: Directing the navigation and movement of the ship

Conduits: A tube or trough for protecting electric wiring

Cone: The angle formed by the upward sweep of rotor blades as a result of the lift being generated by the blades and the centrifugal force caused by the speed of rotation

Confined area: A ‘confined area’ is a site where the flightpath of a helicopter is limited by terrain and/or obstructions.

Confirmation bias: The tendency to interpret information in a way that affirms a prior belief or hypothesis.

Confused waves: A condition in which waves originate from different directions, which can create confusion when anticipating ship handling requirements.

Conn: Control of the speed and direction of a ship.

Consignment Note: Document for rail freight detailing the shipment and terms

Consist: A consist is the sequence of rail vehicles and locomotives that make up the whole train.

Conspicuity: The quality of being noticeable or easy to see

Constructive total loss: The damage to the vessel is extensive and the cost of salvage and repairs would exceed the insured value.

Container spreader: A rigid framed, four-point lifting device that connects the crane wire to the corner-castings of shipping containers. Used for loading and discharging shipping containers. The man-cage can be seen on the right.

Container transfer terminal: The location where workers transferred containers between road vehicles and rail wagons.

Containerisation: System of transporting goods in standardised containers

Continuous lines: Lines may run directly from the riser to the canopy as ‘continuous’ lines or as ‘cascade’ lines. A cascade line runs to a cascade knot, where it splits into two lines to the canopy.

Control areas: A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth

Control line: In the context of a balloon, a rope of a specific colour, depending on its purpose

Control Zone: A block of controlled airspace extending from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit. The upper limit of a control zone is usually the lower limit of a controlled area extending further upwards.

Controlled rest: Controlled rest is described in the Operations Manual Part A 10.13.4 and allows for an individual flight crew member to have a rest period of up to 30 minutes during a flight to improve levels of alertness.

Conventional helicopter: Consisting of a single main rotor and anti-torque tail rotor

CoPTTM: Code of Practice for Temporary Traffic Management - the best-practice guideline for temporary traffic management in New Zealand.

Cordwise: The direction from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the airfoil.

Corner casting: Block of cast steel positioned on the corner of a shipping container. Holes in the castings allow for twist locks to be fitted.

Correlate: A manual software association that an air traffic controller can make on their air traffic management system between an aircraft radar target and the aircraft’s electronic flight plan. The target only provides transponder information of identification code and altitude. Once correlated with the flight plan, the controller can see more information in the target’s data block, such as the route, the aircraft type and clearances.

Cospas-Sarsat: Cospas-Sarsat is an international satellite-based monitoring system that detects distress signals from emergency locator transmitters.

Cotter pins: A pin or wedge passing through a hole, used to fix parts tightly together.

Counter helm: An opposing rudder to stop a vessel’s swing

Couple: Connect rail vehicles together

Coupler: Mechanical device connecting railway vehicles

CPC: Compliance Plate Certification – A voluntary standard and certification regime initiated and administered by the New Zealand boat-building industry

CPCP: Corrosion prevention and control programme

CPL: Commercial pilot licence

CPL(G): Commercial glider pilot licence

CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Crabbing: A technique to compensate for a crosswind during flight to maintain a desired track over ground.

Crane block: A component of the crane system on a vessel – containing the crane hook, swivel, bearing, sheaves, pins and frame – that is suspended by a crane’s hoisting wire or load chains

Crane housings: Structures that surround and protect a crane’s machinery

Crane radius: The horizontal distance from the centre of rotation to the centreline of the crane hook.

Crane sheaves: The grooved wheels that hold and guide the crane wires.

Crane's spreader: A spreader is a device that allows containers to be fitted to the hook of the crane. The spreader is attached to the four corners of the container to allow even weight distribution when lifted. See Glossary for photo of the spreader.

Crashworthiness: A vehicle’s ability to protect its occupants during a collision.

Creep: A phenomenon where an automatic knuckle coupler’s lock works upwards during running.

Crevice corrosion: Crevice corrosion is the attack of metal surfaces by a stagnant solution in a crevice.

Crew resource management: KiwiRail’s framework for non-technical skills including situational awareness, conscientiousness, communication, decision-making and action, co-operation and working with others, workload management and self-management.

Crew resource management skills: Formerly known as crew resource management) skills that complement technical skills and include the interpersonal skills of communication, leadership and teamwork and the cognitive skills of decision-making, situational awareness and task management. Non-technical skills are part of human factors and bolster the success of threat and error management.

Critical fuel: The fuel quantity necessary to fly to an en-route alternate aerodrome considering, at the most critical point on the route, the most time-limiting failure; OCC Manual, Section 6.1, pg 69.

CRL: City Rail Link

CRM: crew resource management

Cross: On a single-line railway, trains travelling in opposite directions can pass each other at certain locations by one of the trains pulling into a sidetrack known as a crossing loop. This is known as either a ‘cross’ or ‘meet’ of trains.

Cross-track error: The distance a ship is from the planned track.

Crossbuck signs: Road signs made up of a diagonal white cross with ‘railway crossing’ in black lettering, to warn road users they are approaching a level crossing.

Crossing loop: A loop of track alongside the main line in single-track areas, used by opposing trains to cross each other safely.

Crossports: A vent cut in the structural rib of a parachute canopy to equalise air pressure between two cells.

Crosswind: Wind direction from the side.

Crosswind leg: A flight path at right angles to the landing runway off its end

CTA: Control Area

CTR: Control Zone

CTT: Container transfer terminal

Culverts: Structures that channel water past obstacles to alleviate flooding.

Cumulative work day: A period during which work occurs, that does not exceed 24 hours and begins after a continuous period of rest time of at least 10 hours.

Curfew: Airport operating restrictions during specified hours

CUSP: Common User Safety Protocols

Cutaway: A disconnection of the main parachute from the harness-container system after a main parachute malfunction, in preparation for opening the reserve parachute.

CVR: Cockpit voice recorder

Cycle: One engine operation from start to stop

Cyclic: The control which changes the pitch angle of the rotor blades individually during a cycle of revolution and as a result tilts the main rotor disc to control the direction and velocity of flight.

Cyclic control: The cyclic (also called the cyclic control or cyclic stick) tilts the rotor disc in the direction the cyclic is moved, thereby moving the helicopter in that direction.

Cyclic lines: Alignment faults that are repeated at similar spacing.

Cyclic loading: Cyclic loading is when a load is applied to a component in a repetitive manner

Cyclic procedure turns: A cyclic procedure turn is where the helicopter is turned around 180 degrees in a relatively wide, flat arc using the cyclic flight control only. These turns impose minimal added stresses on the dynamic components of the helicopter.

Cyclic stick: A cyclic stick is a pilot’s control that changes the pitch angle of a helicopter’s main rotor blades at the same point of their rotation cycle. The rotor disc will tilt in the direction that the pilot has put the cyclic stick and the helicopter will move in the same direction.

Cyclic track twists: A series of track twists alternating between a negative cant difference and a positive cant difference.

Cyclicing away: Moving the cyclic control, normally forward, to accelerate the helicopter