Witnesses to the recent Black Cat cruise boat accident after it grounded just outside the Akaroa Heads are urged to submit a statement to TAIC immediately.
The air traffic control room on top of a control tower
Cabin attendant
The normal positions are rear and forward cabin attendants, with the rear cabin attendant having overall responsibility for managing the cabin.
Cabin Baggage
Hand luggage carried by air passengers
Cant
The height of one rail above another rail. Also known as ‘cross level’
Cant deficiency
Cant is the designed amount that one rail is raised above the other on a curve. Cant deficiency is the theoretical amount the high rail must be raised to restore equilibrium for a train travelling at speed on a curve with a given cant.
CAO
Civil Aviation Order (Australia)
Capsize
Vessel overturned in the water
Carburettor
A carburettor is a component used in a combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering the engine cylinders. The carburettor’s throttle valve, known as the butterfly valve, regulates the flow of the air/fuel mixture entering the engine cylinders.
Cargo Manifold
Shipboard piping assembly for loading and discharging liquid cargoes
Cargo stoppers
Cargo-lashing devices consisting of steel plates welded to the deck to prevent cargo sliding and tipping. Additional pieces of steel can be welded to these plates to prevent the vertical movement of cargo.
Cargo superintendent
A shore-based worker engaged by a cargo owner to assist with managing cargo unloading. They inspect the cargo prior to discharge and after landing, and liaise with all relevant onshore and offshore departments.
Carley float
A rigid raft which in the event of having to abandon a vessel provides buoyancy for survivors
Carline
Fore and aft beam that provides an attachment between the hull and the sides of cabins, hatches and cockpits on a boat.
Carriage
A rail vehicle that conveys passengers.
Carriage-coupler system
The connection between two carriages or rail vehicles.
CARs
Civil Aviation Rules
CASA
Civil Aviation Safety Authority (Australia)
Castings
Castings are blocks of cast steel positioned on each of the 8 corners of a shipping container. Each casting has three holes to allow twist locks to be fitted so containers can be connected vertically or horizontally. See Glossary for a photo.
Catch sensors
Electronic transmitters fitted to the top of the cod end of the net (where the fish are caught) that monitor the amount of catch and warn when the cod end is full
Category Zone of Confidence (CATZOC)
A symbol used in electronic chart display and information systems (ECDISs) for displaying the accuracy of the underlying data for a displayed chart (see Appendix 1)
Catenary
Overhead wire system supplying electric traction power
CCC
Christchurch City Council
CCTV
Closed-circuit television
Ceiling (aviation)
The ceiling is the height above the surface of the base of the lowest layer of cloud covering more than half the sky.
Centre of gravity
The centre of gravity is the single point in an object through which the weight (force of gravity) can be considered to act.
Centreline
An imaginary line running from forward to aft in the middle of a vessel
Certificate of airworthiness
A certificate (also called ‘airworthiness certificate’) issued by the regulator declaring that the aircraft meets the airworthiness requirements.
Certificate of fitness
A certificate of roadworthiness issued once a vehicle passes a safety inspection conducted by a certified inspection agency.
Certificate of release to service
A certification statement by a licensed aircraft maintenance engineer that maintenance has been performed in accordance with Civil Aviation Rules.
Certificates (gliding)
Glider pilot certificates of gliding achievement or training, such as the A and B certificates and the Qualified Glider Pilot Certificate, issued by GNZ under delegated authority from the CAA
CFI
Chief flying instructor
CFIT
An airworthy aircraft under the complete control of a pilot is inadvertently flown into terrain, water or an obstacle.
CH
Christchurch Airport
Challenge-respond techniques
Methods of verifying with the other party that information being presented is correct if errors are suspected.
Channel 16
Channel 16 is the international distress and calling channel for VHF.
Channel 65
Stewart Island Marine Radio ZLRZ
Chart datum
The level of water that charted depths displayed on a nautical chart are measured from
Chart plotter
A chart plotter is a navigational device that uses electronic charts to display navigational information.
Charter Party
Contract between shipowner and charterer for vessel use
Chassis
The steel structure that supports the wheels and suspension systems and above carriage structure.
Check-in monitoring system
A recommended, but not compulsory, safety measure whereby a vessel’s skipper makes a radio report to Coastguard before and after crossing a coastal bar. If Coastguard is unable to confirm that the vessel has crossed the bar safely, search and rescue procedures are initiated.
Cheek plates
Plates on each side of the sheave, to prevent the wire from coming off the sheave
Chief Integrated Rating (CIR)
A boatswain, also known as a petty officer on a merchant ship, who controls the work of other seamen
Chief officer
Deck officer next in rank below master, head of the deck department; also known as the first officer.
Chilly bin
A colloquial term for an insulated food container.
Chord (parachute)
The straight line distance from the leading edge of an aerofoil to the trailing edge
Chord length
The straight line joining the centres of the leading and trailing edges of a blade.
Chord transition
The chord length increases, from 10 to 10.7 inches (25.4 to 27 centimetres), outboard of a point at approximately 120 inches (304 centimetres) from the centreline of the main rotor driveshaft.
Chord(wise)
The distance from the centre of the radius of a leading edge to the centre of the radius of a trailing edge of a wing or blade
Chordwise
From the leading edge to the trailing edge
CIMS
Coordinated Incident Management System
Circadian rhythm
The circadian rhythm is a well-recognised physiological phenomenon. The time that an accident occurs is commonly analysed as part of investigative processes. (NTSB, 2006; TSB, 2014)
Circuit booking
A local system where training aircraft were booked to conduct circuit training in half-hour slots
Circuit breaker
An electrical safety device designed to protect an electrical circuit from an overcurrent or short circuit.
Circuits
The specified path to be flown by aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aerodrome
Class 5 licence
Driver licence for heavy combination vehicles (truck and trailer) with gross combined weights over 25 thousand kilograms. See www.nzta.govt.nz/driver-licences/getting-a-licence/licences-by-vehicle-type/what-you-can-drive.
Class C airspace
In Class C airspace, visual flight rules (VFR) flights are separated from instrument flight rules (IFR) flights and receive traffic information in respect of other VFR flights.
Class G airspace
Under the International Civil Aviation Organization agreement and the New Zealand CARs, airspace is classified into seven classes, A to G. Classes A to F relate to various categories of controlled airspace, while class G is uncontrolled airspace.
Classification society
A maritime society that sets technical rules based on experience and research, confirms that designs and calculations meet these rules, surveys ships and structures during the process of construction and commissioning, and periodically surveys vessels to ensure they continue to meet the rules.
Clean burn
An effect created when a fire is of sufficient intensity to remove the coating created by the smoke plume, exposing the substrate underneath, in this case the steel bulkhead of the hold.
Clear away
Remove lashings and disengage windlass gears so that the anchors are ready to be let go by opening the brakes. A windlass is a horizontally mounted mechanical winch used for anchoring operations.
Clevedon
Clevedon and Drury are designated visual reporting points for aircraft flying into Ardmore, to achieve geographical separation for inbound and outbound aircraft.
Clevis fastener
A clevis fastener is a U-shaped fastener that has holes at the end of the prongs to accept the clevis pin. It is screwed onto the ends of the latch block connecting rods.
Cloud cover
Cloud cover is measured in okta, a unit representing 1/8 of the sky. Cloud cover is estimated in terms of how many eighths of the sky are covered in cloud, ranging from 0 to 8 oktas. Scattered is 3–4 okta, broken 5–7 okta.
Clutch shaft aft yoke
The clutch shaft aft yoke connects to the intermediate flex plate.
CO2
Carbon dioxide
Coaching for Competency
The Coaching for Competency training course is designed to equip ‘On-the-Job’ coaches, trainers, minders, verifiers, buddies and approved persons with the skills and knowledge required to be effective trainers who can design and deliver activities to support On-the-Job Training and collect information for assessments.
Coast
Movement when no power or braking is applied and the train is allowed to continue under its own momentum.
Coastal state
The country that holds jurisdiction over the territorial waters concerned.
Coasted
If a connection with an aircraft is lost, the ADS-B system calculates the likely position of the aircraft, based on its previous position, altitude and speed, and labels it as ‘coasted’ rather than received data for the purpose of predicting the location of the aircraft until a connection is re-established.
Cod end
The end of the net where the fish are caught, normally has an easy slip rope to empty the net.
Code
The Code of Practice for Temporary Traffic Management (the best-practice guideline for temporary traffic management in New Zealand)
Coking
A process where oil heated to high temperatures in the absence of oxygen releases all the volatile components. A hard and strong high-carbon material named coke is left behind.
Collared vessel
A rigid-hulled vessel that has rigid alloy or inflatable buoyancy chambers around the periphery of the hull
Collective
One of the flight controls used by a helicopter pilot to ‘collectively’ adjust the pitch angle of all main rotor blades at the same time to alter the amount of thrust/lift being produced.
Collective lever
A flight control located on a pilot’s left side that alters the collective pitch of the main rotor blades, and therefore the rotor thrust generated.
Collective potentiometer
A device that measures the position of the collective lever and provides that information to the ECU to assist with computing power requirements
Collins Lanyard
A connection between risers to ensure that both are released together
Collision
An accident involving two vessels or vehicles
COLREGs
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions
Command
To have control of a ship and to be in charge
Commercial glider operation
A commercial glider operation is a flight for the carriage of passengers or goods for hire or reward.
Companionway
A set of steps leading from a vessel's deck down to a cabin or lower deck.
Competency Assessment Tests (rail)
For train drivers at Transdev Wellington include Driving Electric Multiple Units, Local Instructions, Crew Resource Management, Automatic Signalling, Defensive Driving, Electrification Awareness and Alertness Management.
Complex system
A complex system is one where multiple individual, but interrelated, components interact.
Complex systems
A system where multiple individual but interrelated components interact.
Composite sleepers
Beams placed at regular spaces at right angles to and under rails. Their purpose is to support the rails and ensure the correct gauge is maintained between the rails.
Compulsory stop boards
A set of boards protecting a worksite, at which all trains must stop and obtain permission from the worksite rail protection officer to pass
Compulsory stop boards (CSBs)
A set of boards that indicates the start and finish points of an individual worksite in a PWA.
Compulsory-stop board
A safe-working notice board inscribed ‘stop’ and/or displaying a red coloured symbol, at which all trains must stop and must not pass until authorised.
Compulsory-stop protection
A sequence of boards used to protect rail personnel and rail vehicles from entering a planned Protected Work Area
Con
To control or direct the steering of a vessel
Concession
A lease, licence, permit or easement granted under Section 2 of the Conservation Act 1987
Conduct of the ship
Directing the navigation and movement of the ship
Conduits
A tube or trough for protecting electric wiring
Cone
The angle formed by the upward sweep of rotor blades as a result of the lift being generated by the blades and the centrifugal force caused by the speed of rotation
Confined area
A ‘confined area’ is a site where the flightpath of a helicopter is limited by terrain and/or obstructions.
Confirmation bias
The tendency to interpret information in a way that affirms a prior belief or hypothesis.
Confused waves
A condition in which waves originate from different directions, which can create confusion when anticipating ship handling requirements.
Conn
Control of the speed and direction of a ship.
Consignment Note
Document for rail freight detailing the shipment and terms
Consist
A consist is the sequence of rail vehicles and locomotives that make up the whole train.
Conspicuity
The quality of being noticeable or easy to see
Constructive total loss
The damage to the vessel is extensive and the cost of salvage and repairs would exceed the insured value.
Container spreader
A rigid framed, four-point lifting device that connects the crane wire to the corner-castings of shipping containers. Used for loading and discharging shipping containers. The man-cage can be seen on the right.
Container transfer terminal
The location where workers transferred containers between road vehicles and rail wagons.
Containerisation
System of transporting goods in standardised containers
Continuous lines
Lines may run directly from the riser to the canopy as ‘continuous’ lines or as ‘cascade’ lines. A cascade line runs to a cascade knot, where it splits into two lines to the canopy.
Control areas
A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth
Control line
In the context of a balloon, a rope of a specific colour, depending on its purpose
Control Zone
A block of controlled airspace extending from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit. The upper limit of a control zone is usually the lower limit of a controlled area extending further upwards.
Controlled rest
Controlled rest is described in the Operations Manual Part A 10.13.4 and allows for an individual flight crew member to have a rest period of up to 30 minutes during a flight to improve levels of alertness.
Conventional helicopter
Consisting of a single main rotor and anti-torque tail rotor
CoPTTM
Code of Practice for Temporary Traffic Management - the best-practice guideline for temporary traffic management in New Zealand.
Cordwise
The direction from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the airfoil.
Corner casting
Block of cast steel positioned on the corner of a shipping container. Holes in the castings allow for twist locks to be fitted.
Correlate
A manual software association that an air traffic controller can make on their air traffic management system between an aircraft radar target and the aircraft’s electronic flight plan. The target only provides transponder information of identification code and altitude. Once correlated with the flight plan, the controller can see more information in the target’s data block, such as the route, the aircraft type and clearances.
Cospas-Sarsat
Cospas-Sarsat is an international satellite-based monitoring system that detects distress signals from emergency locator transmitters.
Cotter pins
A pin or wedge passing through a hole, used to fix parts tightly together.
Counter helm
An opposing rudder to stop a vessel’s swing
Couple
Connect rail vehicles together
Coupler
Mechanical device connecting railway vehicles
Cowcatcher
Sometimes known as an obstacle deflector it is a strong, angled, metal plate, similar in appearance to a snow plough, fitted to the front and rear of a locomotive. Its purpose is to reduce the risk of derailment in the event of a collision between the locomotive and a large obstacle on the track.
Coxswain
Person who steers a boat and is in charge of crew
CPC
Compliance Plate Certification – A voluntary standard and certification regime initiated and administered by the New Zealand boat-building industry
CPCP
Corrosion prevention and control programme
CPL
Commercial pilot licence
CPL(G)
Commercial glider pilot licence
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Crabbing
A technique to compensate for a crosswind during flight to maintain a desired track over ground.
Crane block
A component of the crane system on a vessel – containing the crane hook, swivel, bearing, sheaves, pins and frame – that is suspended by a crane’s hoisting wire or load chains
Crane housings
Structures that surround and protect a crane’s machinery
Crane radius
The horizontal distance from the centre of rotation to the centreline of the crane hook.
Crane sheaves
The grooved wheels that hold and guide the crane wires.
Crane's spreader
A spreader is a device that allows containers to be fitted to the hook of the crane. The spreader is attached to the four corners of the container to allow even weight distribution when lifted. See Glossary for photo of the spreader.
Crashworthiness
A vehicle’s ability to protect its occupants during a collision.
Creep
A phenomenon where an automatic knuckle coupler’s lock works upwards during running.
Crevice corrosion
Crevice corrosion is the attack of metal surfaces by a stagnant solution in a crevice.
Crew resource management
KiwiRail’s framework for non-technical skills including situational awareness, conscientiousness, communication, decision-making and action, co-operation and working with others, workload management and self-management.
Crew resource management skills
Formerly known as crew resource management) skills that complement technical skills and include the interpersonal skills of communication, leadership and teamwork and the cognitive skills of decision-making, situational awareness and task management. Non-technical skills are part of human factors and bolster the success of threat and error management.
Critical fuel
The fuel quantity necessary to fly to an en-route alternate aerodrome considering, at the most critical point on the route, the most time-limiting failure; OCC Manual, Section 6.1, pg 69.
CRL
City Rail Link
CRM
crew resource management
Cross
On a single-line railway, trains travelling in opposite directions can pass each other at certain locations by one of the trains pulling into a sidetrack known as a crossing loop. This is known as either a ‘cross’ or ‘meet’ of trains.
Cross-track error
The distance a ship is from the planned track.
Crossbuck signs
Road signs made up of a diagonal white cross with ‘railway crossing’ in black lettering, to warn road users they are approaching a level crossing.
Crossing loop
A loop of track alongside the main line in single-track areas, used by opposing trains to cross each other safely.
Crossports
A vent cut in the structural rib of a parachute canopy to equalise air pressure between two cells.
Crosswind
Wind direction from the side.
Crosswind leg
A flight path at right angles to the landing runway off its end
CTA
Control Area
CTR
Control Zone
CTT
Container transfer terminal
Culverts
Structures that channel water past obstacles to alleviate flooding.
Cumulative work day
A period during which work occurs, that does not exceed 24 hours and begins after a continuous period of rest time of at least 10 hours.
Curfew
Airport operating restrictions during specified hours
CUSP
Common User Safety Protocols
Cutaway
A disconnection of the main parachute from the harness-container system after a main parachute malfunction, in preparation for opening the reserve parachute.
CVR
Cockpit voice recorder
Cycle
One engine operation from start to stop
Cyclic
The control which changes the pitch angle of the rotor blades individually during a cycle of revolution and as a result tilts the main rotor disc to control the direction and velocity of flight.
Cyclic control
The cyclic (also called the cyclic control or cyclic stick) tilts the rotor disc in the direction the cyclic is moved, thereby moving the helicopter in that direction.
Cyclic lines
Alignment faults that are repeated at similar spacing.
Cyclic loading
Cyclic loading is when a load is applied to a component in a repetitive manner
Cyclic procedure turns
A cyclic procedure turn is where the helicopter is turned around 180 degrees in a relatively wide, flat arc using the cyclic flight control only. These turns impose minimal added stresses on the dynamic components of the helicopter.
Cyclic stick
A cyclic stick is a pilot’s control that changes the pitch angle of a helicopter’s main rotor blades at the same point of their rotation cycle. The rotor disc will tilt in the direction that the pilot has put the cyclic stick and the helicopter will move in the same direction.
Cyclic track twists
A series of track twists alternating between a negative cant difference and a positive cant difference.
Cyclicing away
Moving the cyclic control, normally forward, to accelerate the helicopter
