Glossary Papakupu

Explanations of abbreviations and acronyms.

All 1 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y

1

1000 ft: 1000 ft is the ‘stable gate’, when specified criteria need to be met in order to continue the approach. This includes aircraft configuration, target airspeed and rate of descent.

A

AA: Auckland Airport

Abeam: At right angles to the helicopter’s line of flight.

Abilities: Abilities are inherent or inherited characteristics that enable a person to accomplish or perform a given action.

ACARS: ACARS is a digital datalink system used in most airline aircraft for the transmission of short messages and allows communication between airline and aircraft and for flight crew to obtain printouts of weather forecasts.

ACAS: Airborne collision avoidance system

Accredited representative: The International Civil Aviation Organization Convention, Annex 13, details a framework that allows Accredited Representatives to be appointed from other Accident Investigation Authorities overseas to support an Accident Investigation Authority’s investigation.

Acrylic: A general-purpose plastic, often known by the brand names Perspex or Lucite. Its chemical name is poly methyl methacrylate or PMMA.

Active duty: The Operations Manual Part A 10.4.1 defines Active Duty as ‘The period of time commencing when a flight crew member reports to the departure airfield and ceases when post-flight responsibilities are complete’.

Active protection: Active protection includes all level crossing warning devices that are activated by an approaching train, including flashing lights, bells and barriers. It is contrasted with passive protection, which warns users of level crossings but does not alter this warning when trains are approaching.

ADS-B: ADS-B data rounds altitude read-outs to 100 ft and therefore cannot give accurate detail on the vertical separation of the two aircraft in this incident. However, the data does allow identification of each aircraft and accurate measurement of lateral separation.

Advisory Circular: Advisory circulars are guidance documents and not regulatory requirements

Advisory circulars: CAA advisory circulars contain guidance on standards, practices and procedures that the Director has found to be acceptable means of compliance with the associated rules and legislation.

Aerodrome: Any defined area of land or water intended or designed to be used either wholly or partly for the landing, departure and surface movement of aircraft (CARs Part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations)

Aeronautical information: AIPNZ meets part of New Zealand’s ICAO obligations to have an aeronautical information service

Aeronautical telecommunications network equipment: A digital data network that facilitates ground-to-ground and ground-to-air communications

Aeropath: An independent company, wholly owned by Airways, that provides the NZ Aeronautical Information Publication (NZAIP).

Aerotowed: Powered aeroplane tows the glider with a rope attached to specially designed towing hooks.

AGL: Above ground level

AIAL: Auckland International Airport Limited

Aileron: A controllable hinged surface on the trailing edge of a wing, used to roll an aircraft around the longitudinal, or fore and aft axis.

AIPNZ: Aeronautical Information Publication New Zealand

Air Desk: The national Air Desk is a coordination and tasking function, operated by Hato Hone St John, that provides oversight, dispatch and clinical support functions to air ambulance services.

Air proximity: A situation in which, in the opinion of a pilot or air traffic services personnel, the distance between aircraft as well as their relative positions and speed have been such that the safety of the aircraft involved may have been compromised. (ICAO Doc 4444: PANS-ATM). There are 4 available classification categories: A. Risk of collision B. Safety not assured C. No risk of collision D. Risk not determined

Air taxiing: Air taxiing: movement of a helicopter/VTOL above the surface of an aerodrome, normally in ground effect and at a ground speed normally less than 37 km/h (20 kt). Note: The actual height may vary, and some helicopters may require air-taxiing above 8 m (25 ft) AGL to reduce ground effect turbulence or provide clearance for cargo sling loads.

Air Waybill: Non-negotiable document issued by an air carrier acknowledging receipt of goods and transport terms

Aircraft operating minima: Specified limits used to assess cloud base and visibility against reported actual cloud base and visibility when conducting an approach.

Airmanship: Airmanship is the consistent use of good judgement and well-developed skills to accomplish flight objectives and demonstration of a high state of situational awareness.

Airside: Secured part of an airport beyond passenger screening

Airspace: Three-dimensional portion of the atmosphere controlled for aviation operations

Airworthiness: A formal and periodic review of an aircraft and its records that is required for the aircraft to remain airworthy.

Airworthiness directives: A mandatory airworthiness requirement that specifies modifications, inspections, conditions or limitations to be applied to an aircraft or aeronautical product to ensure continued safe operating conditions.

AIS: Automatic Identification System transmitting vessel identity and position

Allision: An accident between a vessel and a stationary object.

Alternate aerodrome: An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or land at the aerodrome of intended landing; Civil Aviation Rule (CAR) Part 1.

Altimetry: Altimeters are used to display an aircraft’s vertical location above the earth’s surface. A barometric altimeter measures distance from sea level using air pressure, which decreases as altitude increases and vice versa. As air pressure differs across geographic regions, and as temperature changes, the pilot must set the local barometric pressure (corrected to sea level) for the displayed altitude to be accurate. If this does not occur, then the barometric altimeter will either over- or under-read. A radio (or radar) altimeter does not rely on air pressure; it measures the height of an aircraft above the ground by timing how long it takes a beam of radio waves to travel to the ground and reflect up to the aircraft’s receiver as shown below (sourced from internet).

Altitude rounding: ADS-B altitude data is rounded up or down to the nearest 100 ft when it is recorded, so two aircraft that are separated by 100 feet vertically could show the same altitude in their ADS-B data.

AMSL: Above mean sea level

An adequate aerodrome: An adequate aerodrome is one where the aircraft landing distance performance requirements at the expected landing weight can be met and appropriate aerodrome rescue and fire-fighting services are available, and there is at least one authorised instrument approach procedure. An adequate aerodrome becomes suitable when the weather minimum for the required type of use has been met; Airwork OCC Manual, 4.2 and 4.3.

Anchorage: Designated area where ships may anchor safely

APAPI: Abbreviated precision approach path indicator

Apron: Aircraft parking and service area at an aerodrome. The local name for the general aviation (GA) manoeuvring area, defined as an area on a land aerodrome intended to accommodate aircraft for the purpose of loading or unloading passengers or cargo, refuelling, parking, or maintenance (Civil Aviation Rules Part 1).

APU: Auxiliary Power Unit

AR: Ardmore Airport (Auckland)

AR: Ardmore Airport (Auckland)

ARC: aviation related concern

Arm position: The arm position enables the ELT to activate automatically upon aircraft impact with the ground if the forces exceed the activation threshold.

ATA: Actual Time of Arrival of a vehicle or vessel

ATC: Air Traffic Control service to prevent collisions and organise traffic

ATD: Actual Time of Departure of a vehicle or vessel

ATMC: The building that contains aeronautical telecommunications network equipment and sector air traffic controllers

ATO: Automatic Train Operation system automating train driving

ATP: Automatic Train Protection system enforcing safety limits

ATPL: Airline Transport Pilot Licence

ATSB: Australian Transport Safety Bureau

Attitude: The orientation of an aircraft relative to the horizon.

Autoland: A system incorporating autopilot, autothrust and radio altimeters to fully automate the landing phase with the flight crew supervising the process. A landing using the autopilot, with the pilot in the left seat taking over directional control during the landing roll (when the aircraft touches down, is brought down to taxi speed and eventually comes to a complete stop).

Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): A continuous broadcast of aerodrome information, including such items as expected type of approach, runway in use, runway condition (dry, wet or contaminated), surface wind, visibility, cloud, temperature, dew point, local pressure and the reported or forecast wind at 2000 ft.

Autorotation: Autorotation, also known as an autorotational descent, is a power-off manoeuvre in which the engine is disengaged from the main rotor system and the main rotor blades are driven solely by the upward flow of air through the main rotor.

Aviation related concern: A voluntary reporting of aviation matters that are not accidents or incidents

Aviation Safety Reporting System: The Aviation Safety Reporting System database is a collection of voluntarily submitted aviation safety incident/situation reports from pilots, controllers and others in the US aviation community.

AWS: Automatic weather station

Axle Counter: Device that detects train presence by counting axles

B

Backing: Moving in an anti-clockwise direction.

Backtracking: Backtracking refers to the procedure where an aircraft taxies along an active runway in the direction opposite to that being used for takeoff or landing.

Balanced rudder: 20–40% of the rudder blade is forward of the rudder stock

Ballast: Crushed stone supporting and stabilizing railway sleepers

Ballast Water: Water carried in ship tanks to improve stability

Balloon: A balloon includes an envelope, control lines, burners, a basket and other equipment fitted or required to be carried

Barely readable: “Barely readable” is an assessment on the legibility of a transmission

BARS: Basic Aviation Risk Standards (Flight Safety Foundation)

Base leg: A flight path at right angles to the landing runway off its approach end. The base leg extends from the downwind leg to the intersection of the extended runway centreline

Basic weight: Weight of the airframe and engines, fixed equipment and full oil tanks but not including fuel, passengers or baggage and cargo

Beech: The aircraft was manufactured by Beech Aircraft Corporation and is nominated as Beech in ICAO documentation. However, sometimes Beech aircraft are referred to as Beechcraft, a subsequent branding from the same manufacturer.

Berth: Designated location in a port where a vessel docks

Berthing Plan: Schedule and allocation of berths for arriving vessels

BFR: Biennial Flight Review

Bill of Lading: Negotiable sea transport document acknowledging receipt and contract of carriage

Bird strike: Bird strikes involving collisions with multiple birds are much more likely to cause serious risk or harm to the aircraft.

Bladder fuel tank: A fuel tank with a flexible bladder in an aluminium enclosure that has the ability to change shape without splitting open and spilling its flammable content

Block: Section of railway track with movement authority for a single train at a time

Blue fit test: During a blue fit test, the tapered surface of the pintle is coated in a blue fluid. The pintle is then hydraulically inserted into the taper of the lower casting, then removed. The amount of fluid transferred to the surface of the taper in the lower casting shows the percentage of surface contact between the two items.

BOL: Block of Line

Bonding wires: Used to create an electrical connection between two or more conductive parts. They are commonly used in grounding, electrical enclosures and electronic components.

Breakbulk: Cargo shipped as individual pieces rather than in containers

Breakwater: Structure protecting a harbour from waves

Bridge Resource Management: Teamwork and communication practices on a ship's bridge

Brinel: Bearing brinelling is permanent damage to the bearing raceways, caused by contact forces that exceed the material limit.

Brittle overload: The sudden fracture of a material when stresses exceed its load-bearing capacity.

Broadcast storm: A broadcast storm occurs when a network system is overwhelmed by continuous multicast or broadcast traffic.

Broken cloud: Five- to seven-eighths’ cloud cover

Bulk Cargo: Cargo in large quantities unpackaged such as grain ore or coal

Bulk carrier: A ship designed to carry loose cargo such as grains, coal and logs.

Bulwarks: Solid handrails.

Bushing: A cylindrical sleeve that facilitates rotational movement between two parts.

BVLoS: Beyond visual line of sight

C

CAA: Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand

CAAP: Civil Aviation Advisory Publication (Australia)

Cabin Baggage: Hand luggage carried by air passengers

CAO: Civil Aviation Order (Australia)

Carburettor: A carburettor is a component used in a combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering the engine cylinders. The carburettor’s throttle valve, known as the butterfly valve, regulates the flow of the air/fuel mixture entering the engine cylinders.

Cargo Manifold: Shipboard piping assembly for loading and discharging liquid cargoes

CARs: Civil Aviation Rules

CASA: Civil Aviation Safety Authority (Australia)

Catenary: Overhead wire system supplying electric traction power

CCTV: Closed-circuit television

Certificates (gliding): Glider pilot certificates of gliding achievement or training, such as the A and B certificates and the Qualified Glider Pilot Certificate, issued by GNZ under delegated authority from the CAA

CFI: Chief flying instructor

CFIT: An airworthy aircraft under the complete control of a pilot is inadvertently flown into terrain, water or an obstacle.

CH: Christchurch Airport

Charter Party: Contract between shipowner and charterer for vessel use

Chilly bin: A colloquial term for an insulated food container.

Circuits: The specified path to be flown by aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aerodrome

Class C airspace: In Class C airspace, visual flight rules (VFR) flights are separated from instrument flight rules (IFR) flights and receive traffic information in respect of other VFR flights.

Clevedon: Clevedon and Drury are designated visual reporting points for aircraft flying into Ardmore, to achieve geographical separation for inbound and outbound aircraft.

Clevis fastener: A clevis fastener is a U-shaped fastener that has holes at the end of the prongs to accept the clevis pin. It is screwed onto the ends of the latch block connecting rods.

Cloud cover: Cloud cover is measured in okta, a unit representing 1/8 of the sky. Cloud cover is estimated in terms of how many eighths of the sky are covered in cloud, ranging from 0 to 8 oktas. Scattered is 3–4 okta, broken 5–7 okta.

Clutch shaft aft yoke: The clutch shaft aft yoke connects to the intermediate flex plate.

Coasted: If a connection with an aircraft is lost, the ADS-B system calculates the likely position of the aircraft, based on its previous position, altitude and speed, and labels it as ‘coasted’ rather than received data for the purpose of predicting the location of the aircraft until a connection is re-established.

Collective: One of the flight controls used by a helicopter pilot to ‘collectively’ adjust the pitch angle of all main rotor blades at the same time to alter the amount of thrust/lift being produced.

Collision: An accident involving two vessels or vehicles

Commercial glider operation: A commercial glider operation is a flight for the carriage of passengers or goods for hire or reward.

Concession: A lease, licence, permit or easement granted under Section 2 of the Conservation Act 1987

Conduct of the ship: Directing the navigation and movement of the ship

Confined area: A ‘confined area’ is a site where the flightpath of a helicopter is limited by terrain and/or obstructions.

Conn: conduct of the ship

Consignment Note: Document for rail freight detailing the shipment and terms

Conspicuity: The quality of being noticeable or easy to see

Containerisation: System of transporting goods in standardised containers

Control areas: A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth

Control line: In the context of a balloon, a rope of a specific colour, depending on its purpose

Control Zone: A block of controlled airspace extending from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit. The upper limit of a control zone is usually the lower limit of a controlled area extending further upwards.

Controlled rest: Controlled rest is described in the Operations Manual Part A 10.13.4 and allows for an individual flight crew member to have a rest period of up to 30 minutes during a flight to improve levels of alertness.

Cospas-Sarsat: Cospas-Sarsat is an international satellite-based monitoring system that detects distress signals from emergency locator transmitters.

Counter helm: An opposing rudder to stop a vessel’s swing

Coupler: Mechanical device connecting railway vehicles

CPL: Commercial pilot licence

CPL(G): Commercial glider pilot licence

Crabbing: A technique to compensate for a crosswind during flight to maintain a desired track over ground.

Critical fuel: The fuel quantity necessary to fly to an en-route alternate aerodrome considering, at the most critical point on the route, the most time-limiting failure; OCC Manual, Section 6.1, pg 69.

CRL: City Rail Link

CRM: crew resource management

Crosswind: Wind direction from the side.

Crosswind leg: A flight path at right angles to the landing runway off its end

CTA: Control Area

CTR: Control Zone

Curfew: Airport operating restrictions during specified hours

CVR: Cockpit voice recorder

Cyclic: The control which changes the pitch angle of the rotor blades individually during a cycle of revolution and as a result tilts the main rotor disc to control the direction and velocity of flight.

Cyclicing away: Moving the cyclic control, normally forward, to accelerate the helicopter

D

Daily information bulletin (DIB): A memorandum provided to users of KiwiRail’s network that contains information about train running and track maintenance activities for that day.

Damper bearing: Damper bearing is installed on the tail rotor drive shaft to dampen normal lateral and vertical oscillations.

DART: Dynamic Automatic Radio Transmission

DC: Direct current

De-icing: Removal of ice and snow from aircraft surfaces

Deadweight Tonnage: Maximum weight a ship can safely carry including cargo fuel and stores

Demurrage: Charge for exceeding agreed laytime during loading or unloading

Departure signal: A signal controlling entry to a block section, which is the entire section of line between two stations. Block sections can be divided into intermediate sections. Permission to pass a departure signal at red requires written authority from train control.

Detention: Charge for delayed return or use of equipment beyond free time

Dew poinbt: The temperature at which air becomes saturated and can hold no more moisture.

DFDR: digital flight data recorder

Dial test indicator: A tool used to measure clearances and tolerances and variations in tolerance.

Disconnecting the autothrottle: The autothrottle remains engaged until reverse thrust is selected after touchdown.

DME: distance measuring equipment

DOC: Department of Conservation

Downwind call: Radio call made when established on the downwind leg and abeam the upwind threshold to positively establish the aircraft’s position in the circuit for other traffic

Downwind leg: A flight path parallel to the landing runway in the opposite direction to landing

Draft Survey: Method to determine ship cargo weight by measuring draft changes

Draught: Vertical distance between a ship's waterline and keel

Drawgear: Assembly on rail vehicles for traction and cushioning of forces

Drivetrain: The helicopter’s drivetrain is a group of components that transfers power

Drone: The generic term used when referring to a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS), an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or an aircraft in operation without a pilot onboard.

Drone operators: The owner of a drone

Drone pilot: The person controlling the drone in flight.

Drury: Clevedon and Drury are designated visual reporting points for aircraft flying into Ardmore, to achieve geographical separation for inbound and outbound aircraft.

Dry dock: A basin that can be flooded to allow a vessel to be floated into it, then drained, to allow the vessel to rest on a dry platform exposing the entire hull. Dry docks are used for vessel construction, maintenance and repair

Dynamic check: This is where a pilot would attempt to lift off and hover close to the ground and check to see that the controls were in a position that allowed full deflection movement.

E

EASA: European Union Aviation Safety Administration

Ebbing: Receding or outgoing tide, occurring between high- and low-tide times

EDTO: Extended Diversion Time Operation

EECU: Electronic Engine Control Unit

Effectively stopped: The speed over ground had reduced to 0.6 kt or less

Elastic deformation: Elastic deformation is a temporary deformation of a material’s shape that is self-reversing after removing the force or load.

Elevation: The primary unit of measurement of altitude and elevation or height is the metre. However, the most widely used unit of measurement in aviation is the foot. Metric altitudes and flight levels are used in some countries, such as China and Russia. AIPNZ GEN 2.1 states that the unit for measurement for altitudes, elevations and heights is feet.

Emergency Locator Transmitter: An emergency locator transmitter transmits a distress signal to the Cospas-Sarsat search and rescue satellite system.

Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT): An ELT transmits a distress signal to the Cospas-Sarsat search and rescue satellite system.

Empennage: The tail assembly, including the vertical fin, horizontal stabiliser and tail rotor.

Empennage assembly: A horizontal and vertical stabiliser that is located near the aft end of the tailcone. It is designed to provide stability during flight.

End of daylight: Civil Aviation Rules (CARs) 1: Definitions defines night beginning at the end of evening civil twilight, which is calculated from tables in AIPNZ GEN 2.7, s1.4 Daylight tables.

Envelope: The part of the balloon that holds the hot air and provides lift.

EPIRB: Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon

EPOD: Electrical power outlet distribution

Escort tug: A tug that follows a ship to assist in manoeuvrability if required.

ETA: Estimated Time of Arrival

ETAShip: Estimated Time of Arrival for a ship

ETCS: European Train Control System standard for train signaling and control

ETD: Estimated Time of Departure

ETP: The point of equal flight time between two diversion airports. The point moves dependent on the wind – in a headwind the point is closer to the destination; in a tailwind it is closer to the point of departure.

Evening civil twilight: When the centre of the setting sun’s disc is 6° below the horizon

Excursion: When an aircraft departs a runway in use when landing or taking off, as either a veer-off or an overrun

Exposition: An exposition is a suite of manuals containing information about an operator’s general policies, duties, operational control policy and procedures, and the responsibilities of personnel. It is the main way of showing that the management and control systems required under the CARs are in place.

F

FAA: Federal Aviation Administration, US Department of Transportation

Fatigue cracks: Cracks in a material caused by cyclic loading.

FCOM: Flight Crew Operations Manual. FCOM lays out the procedures and checklists for every phase of flight.

FCTM: flight crew training manual

FDS: The balloon’s fast deflation system

Feeder Vessel: Smaller ship transporting cargo to and from hub ports

FEU: Forty-foot equivalent unit - a container size measure

Final approach: A flight path in the direction of landing along the extended runway centreline from the base leg to the runway

FIR: Flight Information Region

Firm landing: A firm landing is harder than a normal landing but does not reach the threshold for a hard landing, which has a specific meaning in aviation related to the level of damage sustained by an aircraft.

Flapping: Movement of a blade in the vertical sense relative to the plane of rotation.

Flaring the aeroplane: Raising the nose of the aeroplane to the landing attitude.

Flight controls: The flight controls or control surfaces include the elevator, rudder and ailerons.

Flight envelope: The flight envelope in aviation is defined by various parameters and refers to the limits within which an aircraft can operate safely and efficiently. A flight envelope encompasses both normal and extreme flight conditions and is typically represented graphically.

Flight following: Flight following is carried out by OCC staff as described in the operator’s OCC Manual. It includes monitoring the location of a flight at all times and requires OCC staff to monitor, evaluate and distribute any important information to the flight crew, such as changes in weather at the destination or en-route alternate, with a focus on the EDTO portion of a flight.

Flight instruction: Flight instruction provided to a person by an appropriately licensed and rated flight instructor occupying a pilot seat.

Flight Level: Standardised aviation altitude referenced to a pressure datum

Flight manual: A controlled document kept in the cockpit that provides information about the aircraft, including system descriptions, limitations and normal and emergency procedures.

Flight Safety Foundation: The Flight Safety Foundation is an independent, non-profit international organisation for research, education, advocacy and communications in the field of aviation safety (Flight Safety Foundation, 2016).

Flightcell DZMx: The Flightcell DZMx is a voice, data and tracking system designed and manufactured in New Zealand.

Flyaway: When a drone is no longer under the pilot’s control, and it continues to move without pilot input. This is different from a drone that will stop and hold position or return to the operator in the event of a loss of communication.

FMC: flight management computer

FMCG: Fast-moving consumer goods often shipped in containers

FOD: foreign object debris or damage

FOR: Field of regard

Fore and aft movement: A longitudinal movement towards the bow and stern

Foredeck: The deck at the forward part of the vessel.

FOV: Field of view

Frangible: Easily broken

Freeboard: Vertical distance from a ship's deck to the waterline

Freezing level: The altitude at which the temperature is at 0°C in a free atmosphere (the freezing point of water).

Freight Wagon: Rail vehicle designed to carry goods

Frog: Part of a railway turnout where tracks intersect

ft: feet

Fuel low-pressure light: A light on an instrument panel designed to gain a pilot’s attention and direct them to an area of concern.

Full stop: A full-stop landing brings the aircraft to taxi speed and then taxis clear of the runway

G

GA: general aviation

Gate: Passenger or aircraft departure position at a terminal

Geon: The dark grey material at the edge of some windshields, where rivets attach the windshields to window frames.

GNZ: Gliding New Zealand Incorporated

GPS: Global Positioning System

Grooved: Cut across to assist with water runoff and aid braking

Gross Tonnage: Measurement of a ship's overall internal volume

Ground Handling: Services provided to aircraft while on the ground

GSMEACQ: GSMEACQ means Ground, Situation, Mission, Execution, Admin, Command, Questions

Gudgeon: A hole or socket in which a pintle rotates.

H

HAA: Helicopter air ambulance

Hard landing: Sometimes referred to as a heavy landing, when a landing exceeds the manufacturer’s limitations, often expressed as a rate of descent or a ‘g’ loading. This may result in a loss of control and/or aircraft damage and will require an inspection.

Heading (marine): The compass direction in which a vessel’s bow is pointing.

Headway: Time or distance interval between trains on the same line

Heaving Line: Light line thrown to pass a heavier mooring line

Heavy rain: Heavy or very heavy rates of rainfall will clearly have a detrimental impact upon general visibility. However, in addition to any true meteorological reduction of visibility, raindrops impacting the windscreen/canopy will additionally reduce visibility. Windscreen wipers (if fitted) may not be able to fully cope with the rainfall rate. (World Meteorological Organization, n.d.)

Heli winch: A helicopter operation involving the use of a hoist mechanism with cable and hook that allows a lowering and/or pick up of an external load/cargo/person from the side of the helicopter.

Helicopter frost protection: Helicopter frost protection involves low-level flying over an affected crop to mix warmer air aloft with the cooler air below to prevent frost from settling on the fruit.

Heliport: Any defined area of land or water, and any defined area on a structure, intended or designed to be used either wholly or partly for the landing, departure and surface movement of helicopters

HEMS: Helicopter emergency medical service

HH: Waikato Hospital

HN: Hamilton Airport

HNVGO: Helicopter night vision goggle operations

Hobbs meter: An activated hour meter used to track the helicopter’s time in service.

Hold Baggage: Checked luggage carried in an aircraft hold

Home base: Where pilots would commence and conclude their rosters.

Hook and loop retaining strap: The term ‘hook and loop retaining strap’ is commonly used internationally in manuals. An alternative term, ‘hook and loop style fastener’ is often used in safety information bulletins.

Hot air baloon: Incorporates the complete balloon assembly, including the basket, burners and envelope.

Hourly rainfall rate: A rolling average hourly rate

hPa: hectopascal

HUET: Helicopter underwater escape training

Hull loss: The destruction or write-off an aircraft

I

IACS: International Association of Classification Societies

IAS: indicated airspeed

IATA: International Air Transport Association

IATA DGR: International rules governing air transport of dangerous goods

ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization

Ice accretion: The process by which a layer of ice (icing) builds up on solid objects that are exposed to freezing precipitation or to supercooled fog or cloud droplets.

IFR: Instrument flight rules

ILS: instrument landing system

IMC: Instrument meteorological conditions (or visibility has reduced to an extent that visual reference of the horizon is lost).

IMO: International Maritime Organization

Impassable: For the purposes of this report, the term ‘impassable’ is used to describe a section of track that should have been closed to rail traffic.

Increased loading: A type of acceleration force that causes a perception of weight otherwise known as g-force.

Instrument approach procedure: A series of predetermined manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles.

Interference fit: In this method, the fastening between the pintle and taper in the lower casting is achieved by friction after the parts are pushed together.

Interlocking: Signal system logic ensuring safe train routes do not conflict

Inverter: An electrical device that converts direct current to alternating current

IPMux: Internet protocol multiplexer

ITD: Individual Train Detection

J

JARUS: Joint Authorities for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems

JC: Christchurch Hospital

JC: Christchurch Hospital

Jetty: Structure extending into water used as a landing stage

JL: Auckland Hospital

K

Katabatic wind: A downslope wind generated when the air cools and becomes increasingly dense. Normally prevalent early in the morning after a cool night.

KHI: Kawasaki Heavy Industries (the helicopter manufacturer)

Knot: A measurement of speed in nautical miles per hour, equivalent to 1.85 km/h.

kt: knot

L

Landing phase: A lateral runway excursion off the side of a runway

Laytime: Agreed time allowed for loading or unloading a ship

Lead-lag motion: Movement of a blade forward or aft, in the plane of rotation.

LED: light emitting diode

Lee: The side of an obstacle that is sheltered from the wind.

Level Crossing: Intersection where a railway and a road cross at the same level

Lighterage: Transfer of cargo between a ship and a lighter vessel

Limited Field of View (FOV): While FOV is limited, because NVGs are helmet-mounted the user can move their head to scan a wider area. The total area that can physically be scanned is called field of regard (FOR) and is mainly dependent on the physiology of head movement and cockpit design (eg, seat location, blind spots etc).

Line flight: A flight undertaken by a trainee with a training captain at the completion of line training, to assess whether the trainee meets the standard required to fly unrestricted with the operator.

Line training: Line training is conducted for pilots new to aircraft types on operational flights by qualified training captains. The objective is for the pilots to achieve a level of competence to undertake line operations unsupervised.

Liner Shipping: Regular service vessels operating on fixed routes and schedules

Lo-Lo: Load-on load-off cargo handling using cranes

Load Line: Mark indicating the maximum depth to which a ship may be safely loaded

Locking: The process of placing or removing protection padlocks in accordance with KiwiRail’s track safety rules (see Appendix 4).

Locomotive: Self-propelled rail vehicle that provides motive power for a train

Locomotive engineer: Mainline train drivers are referred to by KiwiRail as locomotive engineers to reflect the required qualifications of the role.

Long final: Long final is an extension of the final leg, as depicted in Figure 4, and is effectively a straight-in approach to the runway

Long final leg: Joining the circuit by an extension of the final leg, effectively a straight-in approach.

LTE: Loss of tail rotor effectiveness – when a tail rotor is unable to carry out its function, often because of adverse wind conditions. This term was first used by the US Army.

M

Magneto: An engine-driven electrical generator that produces high voltage that forces a spark to jump across a spark plug gap in a cylinder. The engine is equipped with two magnetos; the engine’s right magneto has tachometer contact points that provide an engine RPM signal to the governor controller and engine tachometer.

MAIIF: Marine Accident Investigators’ International Forum (MAIIF) is an international non-profit organisation dedicated to the advancement of maritime safety and the prevention of marine pollution

Main line: In multiple-line areas, the up main line is generally used by rail traffic travelling in a northerly direction, whereas the down main line is used to travel in a southerly direction.

Main rotor pitch change bearings: Main rotor pitch change bearings, commonly referred to as spindle bearings.

Manifest: List of cargo passengers and crew carried by a vessel or aircraft

Marshalling: Yard process of sorting and arranging rail wagons into trains

Master caution light: A light on an instrument panel designed to gain a pilot’s attention and direction them to an area of concern.

Master/pilot exchange: A formal exchange of information between the master and the pilots on matters such as the ship’s characteristics, operational parameters and the pilots’ intended passage.

Maximum weight: Maximum weight is also known in New Zealand as the Maximum All Up Weight

Mayday call: A distress call via radio communications.

MB: Mechanics Bay Heliport (Auckland)

MBB: Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm

MBZ: Mandatory Broadcast Zone

MDF: Medium-density fibreboard

MeFlight: A pilot weather briefing service supplied by MetService

MEL: MEL is Minimum Equipment List for an aircraft to remain operational.

Metal road: An unsealed or shingle road

METAR: Aviation routine weather report

Metroliner: A 19-seat twin-turboprop(ellor) aeroplane.

MetService: Meteorological Service of New Zealand.

Minima: Criteria used by pilots to determine if they can land or take-off from a runway. Consists of two parts: cloud base and visibility.

Mis.88: Name of form used by addressees to record details of track warrants

MLW: Maximum Landing Weight of an aircraft

MONIM: Met Office Night Illumination Model

Mooring: Securing a vessel to a fixed or floating object

Morning civil twilight: When the centre of the rising sun’s disc is 6 degrees (°) below the horizon. It is defined as the end of night in CARs Part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations

MoT: Ministry of Transport

MPLS: Multi-protocol label switching

MSL: Main South Line

MTMVs: Mobile Track Maintenance Vehicles are large self-propelled machines that travel along the rail line to conduct maintenance work.

MTOC: Maritime Transport Operator Certificate

MTOP: Maritime Transport Operator Plan

MTOW: Maximum Takeoff Weight of an aircraft

Multiple Unit: Train set with distributed traction across cars

N

National Air Desk: A coordination and tasking function, operated by Hato Hone St John, that provides oversight, dispatch and clinical support functions to air ambulance services.

Nautical miles: 1 nautical mile (NM) equals 1.85 kilometres (km)

Navigatus: Real-time weather information in the vicinity of aerodromes, provided by Navigatus.aero

NE: North Shore Aerodrome (Auckland)

Night: As defined in Civil Aviation Rules (CARs) Part 1, night means the hours between: (1) the end of evening civil twilight, which is when the centre of the setting sun’s disc is 6° below the horizon; and (2) the beginning of morning civil twilight.

Night Vision Imaging System: A system that integrates all elements necessary for a pilot wearing night-vision goggles to operate an aircraft successfully and safely. Night Vision Imaging Systems allow a pilot to have enhanced vision while flying at night under visual meteorological conditions.

NIMT: North Island Main Trunk

nm: Nautical mile

Noise abatement procedure: Prescribed procedures that are designed to reduce the effects of noise within the vicinity of an aerodrome.

Non-precision approach: A non-precision instrument approach provides lateral guidance only; no vertical guidance.

Normalisation of deviance: A term used to describe a situation where operations outside of a rule or regulation become a standard practice or social norm within an organisation or industry.

NOTAM: Notice to Airmen or Notice to Air Mission is a notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing information on the establishment of, condition of or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations.

NP: New Plymouth Airport

NR: Napier Airport

NS: Nelson Airport

NS: Nelson Airport

NTSB: National Transportation Safety Board

NV: Invercargill

NVG: Night vision googles (NVGs) are an item of equipment that, together with other elements (such as aircraft lighting and approved operating procedures), form a night vision imaging system (NVIS).

NVIS: Night vision imaging system

NZAARS: New Zealand Aeromedical and Air Rescue Standard

NZFIR: New Zealand flight information region

NZST: New Zealand Standard Time

O

OCS: Oceanic control service

Operating instruction: A method of authorising a train journey for use only on the Midland line

Operator: A person authorised to operate a mobile track-maintenance vehicle and who is in charge of the train or machine group.

Operator’s exposition: A manual that defines the organisation, identifies the approved senior persons and details the means of compliance with the CARs.

OpsSpec: Operations specification (USA)

Orographic uplift: The process by which a mass of air is lifted by a geographical feature such as a line of hills or a mountain range.

Out of ground effect (OGE): A helicopter is said to be OGE when the rotor downwash is no longer affected by the surface under it and more power is required to hover. This change occurs gradually at a height equivalent to about one rotor disc diameter.

Outbound pilotage: The activity carried out by a pilot in assisting the master of a ship in navigation while entering or leaving a port.

Overhead position: A pilot can join the circuit pattern at an unattended airfield by flying overhead the airfield at an altitude 500 ft above the circuit altitude so that they can assess the wind direction and circuit direction in use by other aircraft.

Overrun: An aircraft departs the end of a runway

P

Padlock system: A KiwiRail safe-working system whereby visitors to a worksite must lock an individual padlock on to a frame upon entry. The worksite cannot be considered clear until all padlocks have been removed from the frame.

Pantograph: Device on rail vehicles to collect power from overhead lines

Payload: Weight available for cargo passengers and baggage after fuel and crew

PF: pilot flying

PFD: Primary Flight Display

PIC: Pilots in command

Pilot: A role defined in the operator’s Operations Manual as being responsible for daily management of pilots and ground crew and can task a pilot for flying duties.

Pilot's Operating Handbook: A controlled document kept in the cockpit that provides information about the helicopter, including system description, limitations and normal and emergency procedures.

Pilotage: Service where a licensed pilot assists a ship in navigation

Pilotage waters: Navigable waters in which a ship is usually required to use the services of a maritime pilot

Pilots’ controls: Control column and rudder pedals

Pintle: A metal pin attached to the rudder used as a pivot point, allowing the rudder to turn.

Plastic deformation: Plastic deformation is a process in which an object, as a result of applied force, changes its size or shape in a way that is not reversible.

PM: Pilot monitoring - the person responsible for monitoring the course of the flight and radio communications with ATC, flight attendants and passengers.

Porosity: A type of weld defect that refers to the entrapment of external gases in a welded joint, creating cavities, holes and pits in the weld material

Port: The side of a vessel that is left when facing forward

Port Call: Visit of a vessel to a port for operations and services

Port State Control: Inspection of foreign ships in national ports for compliance

Port swing: A progressive change in heading to port or starboard

Portable Pilot Unit: A portable navigation support system specifically designed for maritime pilots

Position: Position refers to position in the circuit, e.g. downwind or final. Some pilots add their sequence in the circuit pattern to their radio calls to enhance situational awareness for other pilots in the circuit.

Power supply system: Two separate power supply systems A and B. Each system includes electrical mains power supply, reserve mains power supply, uninterruptable power supply and a backup diesel generator

PP: Paraparaumu Airport

PP: Paraparaumu Airport

PPL: Private pilot licence

PPL(G): Private pilot glider licence

Precision approach: Instrument approach and landing procedure using precision lateral and vertical guidance.

Protected work area: A section of line or lines where rail personnel are carrying out activities using an approved protection method

Pushback: Procedure of moving an aircraft backward from the stand using a tug

PWA: Protected Work Area

Q

QAC: Queenstown Airport Corporation

QMUG: Queenstown Milford User Group

QN: Queenstown Airport

QN: Queenstown Airport

QNH: The pressure set on the subscale of the altimeter so that the instrument indicates its height above sea level. Q-Codes are a standard set of three letter codes starting with the letter Q, each with a specific meaning.

Quay: Structure built parallel to the shore for loading and unloading vessels

Queenstown Flight Information Region: A defined airspace area established by an aviation authority to provide flight information services and ensure the safe and efficient flow of air traffic.

R

Radio altimeter: An electronic device capable of measuring the height of an aircraft above the terrain immediately below it. The radio (or radar) altimeter is independent from the barometric altimeter system. The radio altimeter does not use air pressure. It measures the height above the surface below using a radio signal reflected from that surface. The manually set reference height with the height setting bug, activates an alert when the aircraft descends below that setting.

Rail Protection Officer (RPO): A qualified person with overall responsibility for protecting workers in a work area on the railway.

Ramp: Area of an airport where aircraft are parked loaded fueled or boarded

Rate of turn: A turn accomplished at 3° per second (180° per minute), and the maximum recommended rate of turn when flying with sole reference to instruments. Also known as a standard turn

Ratings (gliding): Glider pilot ratings, such as an instructor or passenger rating, issued by GNZ under a delegated authority from the CAA

RCCNZ: Rescue Coordination Centre New Zealand

Reamer bolts: A type of fastener designed for use in high-torque systems. A reamer bolt has a smooth, cylindrical shank that fits tightly into a corresponding hole, ensuring minimal movement and high precision.

Recency bias: Recency bias is the tendency to weigh recent events more heavily than earlier events.

Rectifier: An electrical device that converts alternating current into direct current by allowing a current to flow through it in one direction only.

Regulator: A machine used to shape and distribute the ballast after it has been tamped.

Remote aerodrome: Any structure or any area of land or water used for take-off or landing

Rip line: This collapses the vent, allowing hot air to escape and causing a rapid deflation of the envelope. The term rip line is used in this report as it is the common ballooning term for the control that rapidly deflates the balloon on landing. The rip line was solid red in colour to differentiate it from other control lines.

RNAV: Area navigation allowing aircraft to fly any desired path within coverage

RNP: Required Navigation Performance specifying accuracy and integrity requirements

RNR Project: Rail Network Rebuild project

RO: Rotorua Airport

Ro-Ro: Roll-on roll-off ships designed to carry wheeled cargo

Rolling: Taking off

ROO: Regional Operations Officer (three in total – Northern, Central and Southern)

Rotor overspeed: Is when the rotor speed exceeds the stipulated maximum operational limit.

RPAS: remotely piloted aircraft system

RPM: Revolutions per minute

RPO: Rail Protection Officer

RT: Rotorua Airport

RTCA: Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics

Rudder: The rudder is located on the vertical fin (tail) and cause an aeroplane to yaw left or right about its vertical axis.

Rudder palm: A horizontal coupling plate that connects the rudder blade to the rudder stock.

Rudder pintle: A metal pin attached to the rudder used as a pivot point, allowing the rudder to turn.

Rudder stock: A solid shaft that connects the rudder blade to the ship’s internal steering mechanism.

Run-on landing: A landing with significant forward motion, as opposed to a landing from a hover. After touchdown, forward motion is maintained until ground friction brings the helicopter to a halt. It is generally used when there is insufficient power to sustain a hover.

Runway: Defined rectangular area for aircraft takeoff and landing

S

Safe place: A place where people and equipment cannot be struck by passing rail traffic.

Safe Working Authority (SWA): A form used to authorise rail traffic movements not otherwise permitted under the normal system of safe working.

Safety-critical: Activities that, if not performed correctly, could lead to serious harm or injury.

Safety-critical activities: Activities that, if not performed correctly, could lead to serious harm or injury.

SAR: Search and rescue

Satphone: A satellite telephone installed on all the operator’s aircraft as the primary means of communication with the OCC.

Say again: “Say again” is a standard radio transmission made when one station has not heard or understood a transmission and requests a repeat of the transmission, while “barely readable” is an assessment on the legibility of a transmission.

Sea Lane: Regularly used maritime route for vessels

Secondary protection: An additional protection method, used in multi-worksite protected work areas.

Sector: A sector is one flight from a departure point to a destination point.

Selcalled: A function of KiwiRail’s radio system that sends an audible alert and caller identifying information to a train control radio display. When radio traffic is busy, this function allows the train controller to prioritise the order of communication and selectively call back as required.

Senior person: The Operations Manual Part A Section 1.1 list the individuals who have been nominated by the operator as Senior persons for specific designated roles, and these must be individually approved by the CAA.

Service director: The senior cabin crew person.

Shackle: One shackle is a length of anchor chain equal to 27.4 m

Shoe piece: A structural member of the stern frame.

Shunting: Movement of rail vehicles for formation or positioning of trains

SID: Standard Instrument Departure procedure from an aerodrome

Siding: Low-speed track section used for loading unloading or passing

Signals maintainer: A person qualified in repairing and maintaining railway signaling equipment, including signals and points.

Signals technician: A person qualified in repairing and maintaining railway signalling equipment, including signals and points. Of the two technicians referred to in this report, one specialised in signals maintenance while the other was a communications specialist who was assisting the signals technician. For the purposes of this report, both are collectively referred to as signals technicians as that was the nature of the work being performed.

Simulated flight: Simulated flight in instrument meteorological conditions by restricting the pilot’s view outside and with a safety pilot for aircraft separation.

Simulated in flight: Simulated in flight with a safety pilot present, but without entering instrument meteorological conditions

Sink: Sink is the opposite of lift. It is air flowing downwards towards the ground.

Site Protector (SP): The person responsible for all personnel and equipment in a worksite, and who reports to the RPO.

Situational awareness: Situational awareness relates to an individual’s understanding of their surroundings. This includes their perception of data from their environment, comprehension of the meaning and significance of the situation, and projection to future states and events.

Skills: Skills are activities that have been either learnt or acquired and result in a predictable and often better outcome.

Skipper Restricted Limits certificate: Endorsed for up to 24-metre vessels.

Sky glow: Effects of solar light present in the sky until the sun is approximately 18 degrees below the horizon.

Slave latch block: The latch block to which the handle is attached is considered the master and the other three are termed slaves.

Sleeper: Transverse support for rails distributing loads to ballast

Slot: Allocated time window for aircraft takeoff or landing

SMS: Safety Management System

SOLAS: International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea

SOP: Standard Operating Procedure

Sounding: Measurement of depth of water or tank liquid level

SPA: Specific approvals (European Union)

Speed boards: Trackside equipment displaying the maximum speed for that section of track.

Spidertracks: A satellite flight data tracking device made by Spidertracks Limited.

Sprag clutch: An overrunning sprag clutch automatically disengages the engine from the rotor when the engine RPM is less than the rotor RPM.

Stand: Parking position for an aircraft on the apron

STAR: standard arrival route

Starboard: The right side of the vessel.

Startle effect: Defined in SKYbrary as an uncontrollable, automatic reflex that is elicited by exposure to a sudden, intense event that violates a pilot’s expectations. SKYbrary is an international repository of aviation-related information managed by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and Flight Safety Foundation.

Station: Fuselage station numbers identify locations fore and aft along an aircraft’s fuselage with the numbers being measured from a reference datum (station zero).

STC: A Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) is a Type Certificate issued when an applicant has received approval to modify an aeronautical product from its original design. The STC approves not only the modification but also how that modification affects the original design.

STC: Supplemental Type Certificate

Stern: The rear of a vessel.

Stern frame: A heavy structural member in the stern that supports a ship’s propeller shaft and rudder system.

Stop drill: A stop drill hole is drilled at the end of a crack to spread the cracking force around the hole and prevent the crack propagating.

Stowage Plan: Plan showing placement of cargo within a ship or aircraft

Switch: Mechanism enabling rail vehicles to move from one track to another

T

Tachometer indicator: The engine and rotor RPM indication are presented to the pilot as a percentage on a dual tachometer indicator located on the instrument panel. Under normal operating conditions both the engine and rotor indications are matched in the green arc from 101–104 per cent RPM.

TAF: Terminal Aerodrome Forecast

Tail boom: The tail boom extends out from the rear of the body of the helicopter.

Tailcone: The tailcone, commonly known as the tail boom, is a structural system that extends out of the helicopter’s fuselage. The tail rotor assembly and empennage are attached to the rear of the tailcone.

Tally: Record of quantities of goods loaded or discharged

Tamper: A machine used to pack (tamp) the track ballast under railway tracks to make the tracks more level.

Tank Terminal: Facility for storage and transfer of liquid bulk products

Tapered monocoque: A structural system in which the outer skin carries all or a major part of the stresses, in a manner similar to an eggshell.

TAR: Track Access Request

Taxiing: Taxi means movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome or on water, excluding take-off and landing, but including, in the case of helicopters, operation over the surface of an aerodrome within a height band associated with ground effect and at speeds associated with air taxiing

Taxiway: Path for aircraft moving between runways and aprons

TBO escalation programme: A TBO escalation programme is a CAA-acceptable means of compliance, to extend engines beyond the manufacturer’s recommended overhaul limit.

Technical log: A running written record of daily flying hours and serviceability state.

Technical Standard Order: A minimum performance standard for specified materials, parts and appliances used on civil aircraft.

TEU: Twenty-foot equivalent unit - a container size measure

TG: Tauranga Airport

TG: Tauranga Airport

The angle of bank: The angle at which a vehicle is inclined about its longitudinal axis with respect to the plane of its curved path.

Third Rail: Conductor rail supplying electric power to trains

Threshold: The beginning of an airport runway on which an aircraft can attempt to land.

Throughput: Amount of cargo or traffic handled over a period

Time lapse: Time-lapse digital images taken five minutes apart

Time-lapse camera: A camera system that captures still digital images at regular intervals, rather than as moving video.

Timetable: Published schedule of train or flight operations

Tip-over landing: A landing where the basket does not remain upright, but tips over onto its side.

Torsional: Twisting of the shaft caused by an applied force.

Torsional damage: Twisting of the shaft caused by applied force, in this case rotation of the tail rotor drive.

Touch-and-go: Touch-and-go is a landing followed immediately by a take-off

Towage: Service of assisting a vessel by towing or pushing

Tower: Tower provides the air traffic control service for the area on and in the immediate vicinity of the aerodrome.

Track Circuit: Electrical circuit used to detect train occupancy of a track section

Track machines: Specialised machines capable of travelling on a railway to conduct track maintenance.

Train control: The centre from where the movement of all rail vehicles and track access in a specified area are brought under the direction of a Train Controller

Train controller: A person qualified to authorise rail movements and track access. Train controllers operate in a train control centre.

Transit Shed: Port warehouse for short-term storage of cargo

Tranzlog: The train’s ’black box’ data recorder.

Trawl warp: A synthetic rope used to haul in trawl fishing nets

TSR: Temporary Speed Restriction

Turnout: Assembly of rails allowing trains to diverge from a track

TWACS: A computer-based system used by train controllers to prepare and issue track warrants safely. It does so by checking against previous prepares, issues and cancellations to ensure that conflicts do not exist.

TWC: Track Warrant Control

Type Certificate: A Type Certificate is issued by a Regulatory Authority and signifies the airworthiness of a particular category of aircraft, according to its manufacturing design.

U

UAS: Unmanned Aircraft System, another name for a drone

UAV: Unmanned aerial vehicle

UAVNZ: The UAV (drone) division of the Aviation Industry Association of New Zealand.

UK: United Kingdom

Under-keel Clearance: Minimum distance between the keel and seabed

UNICOM: UNICOM Service means a ground radio communications service in the aeronautical mobile service providing local aerodrome information for the facilitation of aviation, and, for the avoidance of doubt, a UNICOM service is not an air traffic service (see CAR 1 Definitions and Abbreviations; for further information see Appendix 3).

Unshielded operation: A shielded operation (or shielded flight) is one in which a drone remains within 100 m of, and below the top of, a natural or man-made object: for example, trees, a building or tower. When flying shielded it is permissible to fly at night and also to fly within controlled airspace without Air Traffic Control clearance. This is because other aircraft are unlikely to be flying so low and close to structures.

UPS: Uninterruptable power supply

Upwind leg: A flight path parallel to the landing runway in the direction of landing.

UTC: Universal Time Coordinated

V

VAI: The trade association for the global civil vertical-aviation industry; formerly the Helicopter Association International (HAI), it changed its name to reflect the growth of non-helicopter vertical aviation, including drones.

VAI: Vertical Aviation International

Veer-off: An aircraft departs the side of a runway

VEMD: Vehicle and Engine Multifunction Display

Vent line: A line, normally coloured red and white, used to open a vent at the top of an envelope and increase the rate of descent.

Vessel's flag state: The country where a ship is registered.

VFR: Visual flight rules

VHF: Very high frequency

Visible moisture: Cloud or freezing rain

Visual: A ‘visual’ call provides confirmation that: the pilot is able to maintain continuous visual reference with the terrain ahead: the visibility is equal to or greater than the minima prescribed for the approach; and the pilot is able to make a normal landing.

VOLMET: An aviation weather forecast service for selected airfields, transmitted over a five-minute interval every 30 minutes on specified high-frequency radio channels (AIP GEN 3.5, p. 30).

VRS: Vortex Ring State

VTS: Vessel Traffic Service providing navigational assistance and monitoring

W

Warp: A synthetic rope used to haul in a trawl fishing net.

Warping drum: Devices that provide power to haul on a rope or cable.

Wav: Wav stands for waveform audio file, which is an audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on personal computers

Weather minima: The specified limits in visibility and cloud base used to assess against forecasted visibility and cloud base.

WF: Wanaka

WH: Wellington Hospital

Wharf: Quayside structure where ships may load or unload

Wheelhouse: Enclosed area on a ship from which it is steered

Wind backs: When wind backs, the direction moves anti-clockwise. It veers when moving clockwise.

Wind shadow: A space downwind of an obstacle where the wind flow is affected by the obstacle.

WN: Wellington Airport

WP: Whenuapai Airport Auckland

WU: Whanganui

Y

Yard: Complex of railway tracks for sorting assembling and storing trains

Yaw: A rotation of a helicopter around its vertical axis, either left or right in direction.

Yawing: Yawing or yaw is movement of an aircraft about its vertical axis. In effect, for a single rotor helicopter it rotates below the main rotor.