Glossary Papakupu

Explanations of abbreviations and acronyms.

All ' 1 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

'Fail-safe' mode: If a malfunction occurs, the train control system is designed to activate the flashing lights, bells and barriers by default. This ensures the level crossing – even if it has failed – is ‘safe’.

'Priority one' job: A condition requiring urgent rectification as it has already disrupted or could potentially disrupt rail operations.

1

1000 ft: 1000 ft is the ‘stable gate’, when specified criteria need to be met in order to continue the approach. This includes aircraft configuration, target airspeed and rate of descent.

A

AA: Auckland Airport

Abeam: At right angles to the helicopter’s line of flight.

Abilities: Abilities are inherent or inherited characteristics that enable a person to accomplish or perform a given action.

Able-bodied seafarers (ABs): Experienced seafarers competent to perform the usual and customary duties on deck.

ACARS: ACARS is a digital datalink system used in most airline aircraft for the transmission of short messages and allows communication between airline and aircraft and for flight crew to obtain printouts of weather forecasts.

ACAS: Airborne collision avoidance system

Accredited representative: The International Civil Aviation Organization Convention, Annex 13, details a framework that allows Accredited Representatives to be appointed from other Accident Investigation Authorities overseas to support an Accident Investigation Authority’s investigation.

Acronis: Alarm and control integrated system

Acrylic: A general-purpose plastic, often known by the brand names Perspex or Lucite. Its chemical name is poly methyl methacrylate or PMMA.

Active duty: The Operations Manual Part A 10.4.1 defines Active Duty as ‘The period of time commencing when a flight crew member reports to the departure airfield and ceases when post-flight responsibilities are complete’.

Active protection: Active protection includes all level crossing warning devices that are activated by an approaching train, including flashing lights, bells and barriers. It is contrasted with passive protection, which warns users of level crossings but does not alter this warning when trains are approaching.

ADH-F: Advanced Deckhand – Fishing

ADS-B: ADS-B data rounds altitude read-outs to 100 ft and therefore cannot give accurate detail on the vertical separation of the two aircraft in this incident. However, the data does allow identification of each aircraft and accurate measurement of lateral separation.

Advanced speed indicator: A numeric indicator illuminated (flashing) to advise the speed in kilometres per hour that the train must not exceed at the next signal in advance.

Advisory Circular: Advisory circulars are guidance documents and not regulatory requirements

Advisory circulars: CAA advisory circulars contain guidance on standards, practices and procedures that the Director has found to be acceptable means of compliance with the associated rules and legislation.

Aerodrome: Any defined area of land or water intended or designed to be used either wholly or partly for the landing, departure and surface movement of aircraft (CARs Part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations)

Aeronautical information: AIPNZ meets part of New Zealand’s ICAO obligations to have an aeronautical information service

Aeronautical telecommunications network equipment: A digital data network that facilitates ground-to-ground and ground-to-air communications

Aeropath: An independent company, wholly owned by Airways, that provides the NZ Aeronautical Information Publication (NZAIP).

Aerotowed: Powered aeroplane tows the glider with a rope attached to specially designed towing hooks.

Aft: At, near or towards the stern of a vessel

AGL: Above ground level

Aground: When a ship or a boat is touching the seabed and is unable to move

AIAL: Auckland International Airport Limited

Aileron: A controllable hinged surface on the trailing edge of a wing, used to roll an aircraft around the longitudinal, or fore and aft axis.

AIPNZ: Aeronautical Information Publication New Zealand

Air brakes: The system used to apply the train’s brakes to the rail vehicles’ wheels; the system is checked for air-pressure leaks before departing onto the rail network

Air Desk: The national Air Desk is a coordination and tasking function, operated by Hato Hone St John, that provides oversight, dispatch and clinical support functions to air ambulance services.

Air proximity: A situation in which, in the opinion of a pilot or air traffic services personnel, the distance between aircraft as well as their relative positions and speed have been such that the safety of the aircraft involved may have been compromised. (ICAO Doc 4444: PANS-ATM). There are 4 available classification categories: A. Risk of collision B. Safety not assured C. No risk of collision D. Risk not determined

Air taxiing: Air taxiing: movement of a helicopter/VTOL above the surface of an aerodrome, normally in ground effect and at a ground speed normally less than 37 km/h (20 kt). Note: The actual height may vary, and some helicopters may require air-taxiing above 8 m (25 ft) AGL to reduce ground effect turbulence or provide clearance for cargo sling loads.

Air Waybill: Non-negotiable document issued by an air carrier acknowledging receipt of goods and transport terms

Aircraft operating minima: Specified limits used to assess cloud base and visibility against reported actual cloud base and visibility when conducting an approach.

Airmanship: Airmanship is the consistent use of good judgement and well-developed skills to accomplish flight objectives and demonstration of a high state of situational awareness.

Airside: Secured part of an airport beyond passenger screening

Airspace: Three-dimensional portion of the atmosphere controlled for aviation operations

Airworthiness: A formal and periodic review of an aircraft and its records that is required for the aircraft to remain airworthy.

Airworthiness directives: A mandatory airworthiness requirement that specifies modifications, inspections, conditions or limitations to be applied to an aircraft or aeronautical product to ensure continued safe operating conditions.

AIS: Automatic Identification System transmitting vessel identity and position

ALAIRP: As low as is reasonably practicable

ALCAM: Australian Level Crossing Assessment Model

Allision: An accident between a vessel and a stationary object.

Alternate aerodrome: An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or land at the aerodrome of intended landing; Civil Aviation Rule (CAR) Part 1.

Altimetry: Altimeters are used to display an aircraft’s vertical location above the earth’s surface. A barometric altimeter measures distance from sea level using air pressure, which decreases as altitude increases and vice versa. As air pressure differs across geographic regions, and as temperature changes, the pilot must set the local barometric pressure (corrected to sea level) for the displayed altitude to be accurate. If this does not occur, then the barometric altimeter will either over- or under-read. A radio (or radar) altimeter does not rely on air pressure; it measures the height of an aircraft above the ground by timing how long it takes a beam of radio waves to travel to the ground and reflect up to the aircraft’s receiver as shown below (sourced from internet).

Altitude rounding: ADS-B altitude data is rounded up or down to the nearest 100 ft when it is recorded, so two aircraft that are separated by 100 feet vertically could show the same altitude in their ADS-B data.

AM Class: A designated class of train for the Auckland Metro system, manufactured by Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles.

Amidships: In the middle of a vessel, either longitudinally or laterally.

AMSL: Above mean sea level

An adequate aerodrome: An adequate aerodrome is one where the aircraft landing distance performance requirements at the expected landing weight can be met and appropriate aerodrome rescue and fire-fighting services are available, and there is at least one authorised instrument approach procedure. An adequate aerodrome becomes suitable when the weather minimum for the required type of use has been met; Airwork OCC Manual, 4.2 and 4.3.

Anchor: A heavy device (normally steel) designed as to grip the seabed to hold a vessel in a desired position.

Anchor pulpit: A protrusion at the bow of a boat designed for securing an anchor.

Anchor windglass: A machine used to let out and heave up an anchor.

Anchorage: Designated area where ships may anchor safely

Anemometer: A device that measures wind speed and direction.

AOR: Auckland One Rail

APAPI: Abbreviated precision approach path indicator

Apron: Aircraft parking and service area at an aerodrome. The local name for the general aviation (GA) manoeuvring area, defined as an area on a land aerodrome intended to accommodate aircraft for the purpose of loading or unloading passengers or cargo, refuelling, parking, or maintenance (Civil Aviation Rules Part 1).

APU: Auxiliary Power Unit

AR: Ardmore Airport (Auckland)

AR: Ardmore Airport (Auckland)

ARC: aviation related concern

ARHT: Auckland Rescue Helicopter Trust

Arm position: The arm position enables the ELT to activate automatically upon aircraft impact with the ground if the forces exceed the activation threshold.

Aspect: The aspect of a signal is the visual appearance of a lit signal.

Astern: Referring to a vessel’s engine moving the vessel in reverse

ATA: Actual Time of Arrival of a vehicle or vessel

ATC: Air Traffic Control service to prevent collisions and organise traffic

ATD: Actual Time of Departure of a vehicle or vessel

ATMC: The building that contains aeronautical telecommunications network equipment and sector air traffic controllers

ATO: Automatic Train Operation system automating train driving

ATP: Automatic Train Protection system enforcing safety limits

ATPL: Airline Transport Pilot Licence

ATSB: Australian Transport Safety Bureau

Attitude: The orientation of an aircraft relative to the horizon.

Auckland Electrified Area: The Auckland Electrified Area refers to the sections of Auckland’s suburban rail network that have been electrified to support electric train services.

Auto-inflating life jacket: Designed to automatically inflate within seconds of being immersed in water.

Autoland: A system incorporating autopilot, autothrust and radio altimeters to fully automate the landing phase with the flight crew supervising the process. A landing using the autopilot, with the pilot in the left seat taking over directional control during the landing roll (when the aircraft touches down, is brought down to taxi speed and eventually comes to a complete stop).

Automatic emergency alert system: An automatic alert system that uses the train’s radio system to send a call to train control automatically when the train’s brake is moved into the emergency position or a rapid loss of air to the braking system occurs

Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS): A continuous broadcast of aerodrome information, including such items as expected type of approach, runway in use, runway condition (dry, wet or contaminated), surface wind, visibility, cloud, temperature, dew point, local pressure and the reported or forecast wind at 2000 ft.

Autorotation: Autorotation, also known as an autorotational descent, is a power-off manoeuvre in which the engine is disengaged from the main rotor system and the main rotor blades are driven solely by the upward flow of air through the main rotor.

Auxiliary generator wagon: The purpose of an auxiliary generator wagon is to provide electrical power for ancillary services on passenger trains from a diesel-fuelled generator set. An auxiliary generator wagon can also be referred to as a generator/ luggage van.

Aviation related concern: A voluntary reporting of aviation matters that are not accidents or incidents

Aviation Safety Reporting System: The Aviation Safety Reporting System database is a collection of voluntarily submitted aviation safety incident/situation reports from pilots, controllers and others in the US aviation community.

Aweigh: When the anchor is clear of the seabed, meaning the ship is officially under way.

AWS: Automatic weather station

Axle Counter: Device that detects train presence by counting axles

Axle counters: A form of train-detection equipment provided in place of the conventional track circuitry.

B

Backing: Moving in an anti-clockwise direction.

Backing wind: A backing wind is a shift of wind direction in an anti-clockwise manner, for example from north to west.

Backtracking: Backtracking refers to the procedure where an aircraft taxies along an active runway in the direction opposite to that being used for takeoff or landing.

Bail off: Disembark as quickly as possible.

Balanced rudder: 20–40% of the rudder blade is forward of the rudder stock

Balise: A balise is an electronic beacon or transponder placed between the rails of a railway as part of train control or a protection system.

Ballast: Crushed stone supporting and stabilizing railway sleepers

Ballast Water: Water carried in ship tanks to improve stability

Balloon: A balloon includes an envelope, control lines, burners, a basket and other equipment fitted or required to be carried

Banker locomotives: Banker locomotives are additional locomotives used when required to assist trains up steep gradients.

Banner signals: Banner signals – sometimes referred to as banner repeaters or indicators – are provided on the approaches to certain signals, usually those that have restricted sighting due to the curvature of a line, building or tunnel on the approach, to give advance information of the signal aspects.

Barely readable: “Barely readable” is an assessment on the legibility of a transmission

BARS: Basic Aviation Risk Standards (Flight Safety Foundation)

Base leg: A flight path at right angles to the landing runway off its approach end. The base leg extends from the downwind leg to the intersection of the extended runway centreline

Basic weight: Weight of the airframe and engines, fixed equipment and full oil tanks but not including fuel, passengers or baggage and cargo

Beam-on: Refers to waves coming at a right angle to the ship.

Beech: The aircraft was manufactured by Beech Aircraft Corporation and is nominated as Beech in ICAO documentation. However, sometimes Beech aircraft are referred to as Beechcraft, a subsequent branding from the same manufacturer.

Beneficial ship owner: A beneficial ship owner is the ultimate owning entity of a ship or representative thereof (either individual, company, group or organisation) and is the entity that benefits from the rent and/or the sale of the ship.

Berth: Designated location in a port where a vessel docks

Berthing Plan: Schedule and allocation of berths for arriving vessels

BFR: Biennial Flight Review

Bilge: The compartment at the bottom of the hull of a ship where water collects so that it may be pumped out of the ship at a later time.

Bill of Lading: Negotiable sea transport document acknowledging receipt and contract of carriage

Bird strike: Bird strikes involving collisions with multiple birds are much more likely to cause serious risk or harm to the aircraft.

Blackout: A sudden total loss of electrical power on the ship.

Bladder fuel tank: A fuel tank with a flexible bladder in an aluminium enclosure that has the ability to change shape without splitting open and spilling its flammable content

Block: Section of railway track with movement authority for a single train at a time

Blue fit test: During a blue fit test, the tapered surface of the pintle is coated in a blue fluid. The pintle is then hydraulically inserted into the taper of the lower casting, then removed. The amount of fluid transferred to the surface of the taper in the lower casting shows the percentage of surface contact between the two items.

BOL: Block of Line

Bonding wires: Used to create an electrical connection between two or more conductive parts. They are commonly used in grounding, electrical enclosures and electronic components.

Bosun: Abbreviated version of boatswain: foreman or supervisor of the deck crew.

Bow thruster: A lateral propulsion device installed near the front of the vessel used for manoeuvring at slow speed.

Brake application: A full brake application in the normal operating mode, without using the emergency position.

Brake handle: The brake system for locomotives only, not the whole train; the LE can apply or remove the brakes to their locomotive or other paired locomotives that are configured together.

Brake pipe: The pipe that joins the train brake system together in between each rail vehicle allowing air pressure to control the application or removal of the train’s brakes.

Brakes: The front locomotive’s pairing configuration allowed locomotive three to have its brakes operate along with the train’s carriages as it was not required to be paired like the others attached to the front of the train.

Branch lines: A railway line that runs off a main line and generally carries fewer trains.

Breakbulk: Cargo shipped as individual pieces rather than in containers

Breakwater: Structure protecting a harbour from waves

Bridge Resource Management: Teamwork and communication practices on a ship's bridge

Brinel: Bearing brinelling is permanent damage to the bearing raceways, caused by contact forces that exceed the material limit.

Brittle fracture: The sudden or rapid fracture of a component under stress without undergoing any noticeable permanent deformation.

Brittle overload: The sudden fracture of a material when stresses exceed its load-bearing capacity.

Broadcast storm: A broadcast storm occurs when a network system is overwhelmed by continuous multicast or broadcast traffic.

Broken cloud: Five- to seven-eighths’ cloud cover

Buff compression force: The inward force applied to the carriage-coupler connection

Bulk Cargo: Cargo in large quantities unpackaged such as grain ore or coal

Bulk carrier: A ship designed to carry loose cargo such as grains, coal and logs.

Bulkhead: Nautical term for a wall

Bulwarks: Solid handrails.

Bushing: A cylindrical sleeve that facilitates rotational movement between two parts.

BVLoS: Beyond visual line of sight

Bypass the alarms: A method of connecting electrical circuits directly to the power source by diverting around (bypassing) potentially faulty equipment. This allows the rest of the circuit to continue operating normally. It is used by signals technicians in emergency situations or for fault-finding.

C

CAA: Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand

CAAP: Civil Aviation Advisory Publication (Australia)

Cabin Baggage: Hand luggage carried by air passengers

CAO: Civil Aviation Order (Australia)

Capsize: Vessel overturned in the water

Carburettor: A carburettor is a component used in a combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering the engine cylinders. The carburettor’s throttle valve, known as the butterfly valve, regulates the flow of the air/fuel mixture entering the engine cylinders.

Cargo Manifold: Shipboard piping assembly for loading and discharging liquid cargoes

Carline: Fore and aft beam that provides an attachment between the hull and the sides of cabins, hatches and cockpits on a boat.

Carriage: A rail vehicle that conveys passengers.

Carriage-coupler system: The connection between two carriages or rail vehicles.

CARs: Civil Aviation Rules

CASA: Civil Aviation Safety Authority (Australia)

Catch sensors: Electronic transmitters fitted to the top of the cod end of the net (where the fish are caught) that monitor the amount of catch and warn when the cod end is full

Catenary: Overhead wire system supplying electric traction power

CCC: Christchurch City Council

CCTV: Closed-circuit television

Certificates (gliding): Glider pilot certificates of gliding achievement or training, such as the A and B certificates and the Qualified Glider Pilot Certificate, issued by GNZ under delegated authority from the CAA

CFI: Chief flying instructor

CFIT: An airworthy aircraft under the complete control of a pilot is inadvertently flown into terrain, water or an obstacle.

CH: Christchurch Airport

Challenge-respond techniques: Methods of verifying with the other party that information being presented is correct if errors are suspected.

Channel 16: Channel 16 is the international distress and calling channel for VHF.

Chart plotter: A chart plotter is a navigational device that uses electronic charts to display navigational information.

Charter Party: Contract between shipowner and charterer for vessel use

Chassis: The steel structure that supports the wheels and suspension systems and above carriage structure.

Chief officer: Deck officer next in rank below master, head of the deck department; also known as the first officer.

Chilly bin: A colloquial term for an insulated food container.

Circuits: The specified path to be flown by aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aerodrome

Class 5 licence: Driver licence for heavy combination vehicles (truck and trailer) with gross combined weights over 25 thousand kilograms. See www.nzta.govt.nz/driver-licences/getting-a-licence/licences-by-vehicle-type/what-you-can-drive.

Class C airspace: In Class C airspace, visual flight rules (VFR) flights are separated from instrument flight rules (IFR) flights and receive traffic information in respect of other VFR flights.

Classification society: A maritime society that sets technical rules based on experience and research, confirms that designs and calculations meet these rules, surveys ships and structures during the process of construction and commissioning, and periodically surveys vessels to ensure they continue to meet the rules.

Clevedon: Clevedon and Drury are designated visual reporting points for aircraft flying into Ardmore, to achieve geographical separation for inbound and outbound aircraft.

Clevis fastener: A clevis fastener is a U-shaped fastener that has holes at the end of the prongs to accept the clevis pin. It is screwed onto the ends of the latch block connecting rods.

Cloud cover: Cloud cover is measured in okta, a unit representing 1/8 of the sky. Cloud cover is estimated in terms of how many eighths of the sky are covered in cloud, ranging from 0 to 8 oktas. Scattered is 3–4 okta, broken 5–7 okta.

Clutch shaft aft yoke: The clutch shaft aft yoke connects to the intermediate flex plate.

Coaching for Competency: The Coaching for Competency training course is designed to equip ‘On-the-Job’ coaches, trainers, minders, verifiers, buddies and approved persons with the skills and knowledge required to be effective trainers who can design and deliver activities to support On-the-Job Training and collect information for assessments.

Coastal state: The country that holds jurisdiction over the territorial waters concerned.

Coasted: If a connection with an aircraft is lost, the ADS-B system calculates the likely position of the aircraft, based on its previous position, altitude and speed, and labels it as ‘coasted’ rather than received data for the purpose of predicting the location of the aircraft until a connection is re-established.

Cod end: The end of the net where the fish are caught, normally has an easy slip rope to empty the net.

Collective: One of the flight controls used by a helicopter pilot to ‘collectively’ adjust the pitch angle of all main rotor blades at the same time to alter the amount of thrust/lift being produced.

Collision: An accident involving two vessels or vehicles

COLREGs: International Regulations for Preventing Collisions

Commercial glider operation: A commercial glider operation is a flight for the carriage of passengers or goods for hire or reward.

Complex system: A complex system is one where multiple individual, but interrelated, components interact.

Complex systems: A system where multiple individual but interrelated components interact.

Compulsory-stop board: A safe-working notice board inscribed ‘stop’ and/or displaying a red coloured symbol, at which all trains must stop and must not pass until authorised.

Compulsory-stop protection: A sequence of boards used to protect rail personnel and rail vehicles from entering a planned Protected Work Area

Concession: A lease, licence, permit or easement granted under Section 2 of the Conservation Act 1987

Conduct of the ship: Directing the navigation and movement of the ship

Conduits: A tube or trough for protecting electric wiring

Confined area: A ‘confined area’ is a site where the flightpath of a helicopter is limited by terrain and/or obstructions.

Conn: conduct of the ship

Consignment Note: Document for rail freight detailing the shipment and terms

Consist: A consist is the sequence of rail vehicles and locomotives that make up the whole train.

Conspicuity: The quality of being noticeable or easy to see

Constructive total loss: The damage to the vessel is extensive and the cost of salvage and repairs would exceed the insured value.

Containerisation: System of transporting goods in standardised containers

Control areas: A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth

Control line: In the context of a balloon, a rope of a specific colour, depending on its purpose

Control Zone: A block of controlled airspace extending from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit. The upper limit of a control zone is usually the lower limit of a controlled area extending further upwards.

Controlled rest: Controlled rest is described in the Operations Manual Part A 10.13.4 and allows for an individual flight crew member to have a rest period of up to 30 minutes during a flight to improve levels of alertness.

Cospas-Sarsat: Cospas-Sarsat is an international satellite-based monitoring system that detects distress signals from emergency locator transmitters.

Counter helm: An opposing rudder to stop a vessel’s swing

Coupler: Mechanical device connecting railway vehicles

CPC: Compliance Plate Certification – A voluntary standard and certification regime initiated and administered by the New Zealand boat-building industry

CPL: Commercial pilot licence

CPL(G): Commercial glider pilot licence

Crabbing: A technique to compensate for a crosswind during flight to maintain a desired track over ground.

Crane block: A component of the crane system on a vessel – containing the crane hook, swivel, bearing, sheaves, pins and frame – that is suspended by a crane’s hoisting wire or load chains

Crane housings: Structures that surround and protect a crane’s machinery

Crevice corrosion: Crevice corrosion is the attack of metal surfaces by a stagnant solution in a crevice.

Critical fuel: The fuel quantity necessary to fly to an en-route alternate aerodrome considering, at the most critical point on the route, the most time-limiting failure; OCC Manual, Section 6.1, pg 69.

CRL: City Rail Link

CRM: crew resource management

Cross: On a single-line railway, trains travelling in opposite directions can pass each other at certain locations by one of the trains pulling into a sidetrack known as a crossing loop. This is known as either a ‘cross’ or ‘meet’ of trains.

Crossbuck signs: Road signs made up of a diagonal white cross with ‘railway crossing’ in black lettering, to warn road users they are approaching a level crossing.

Crosswind: Wind direction from the side.

Crosswind leg: A flight path at right angles to the landing runway off its end

CTA: Control Area

CTR: Control Zone

Cumulative work day: A period during which work occurs, that does not exceed 24 hours and begins after a continuous period of rest time of at least 10 hours.

Curfew: Airport operating restrictions during specified hours

CVR: Cockpit voice recorder

Cyclic: The control which changes the pitch angle of the rotor blades individually during a cycle of revolution and as a result tilts the main rotor disc to control the direction and velocity of flight.

Cyclicing away: Moving the cyclic control, normally forward, to accelerate the helicopter

D

Daily Information Bulletin: A controlled instruction, printed, typed or handwritten, issued by those authorised by the Rail Operating Rules

Daily information bulletin (DIB): A memorandum provided to users of KiwiRail’s network that contains information about train running and track maintenance activities for that day.

Damper bearing: Damper bearing is installed on the tail rotor drive shaft to dampen normal lateral and vertical oscillations.

DART: Dynamic Automatic Radio Transmission

DC: Direct current

DCP: A type of diesel-electric main line locomotive used on the New Zealand rail network.

De-icing: Removal of ice and snow from aircraft surfaces

Dead-ship: Without the use of the ship’s propulsion systems.

Deadweight Tonnage: Maximum weight a ship can safely carry including cargo fuel and stores

Deck officer: A master or officer from a vessel’s deck department. It includes navigating officer roles.

Demurrage: Charge for exceeding agreed laytime during loading or unloading

Departure signal: A signal controlling entry to a block section, which is the entire section of line between two stations. Block sections can be divided into intermediate sections. Permission to pass a departure signal at red requires written authority from train control.

Derail: An event that occurs when a rail vehicle’s wheels disengage their connection with the top of the rail head.

Derailment: An event that occurs when a rail vehicle’s wheels disengage their connection with the top of the rail head

Detention: Charge for delayed return or use of equipment beyond free time

Dew poinbt: The temperature at which air becomes saturated and can hold no more moisture.

DFDR: digital flight data recorder

Dial test indicator: A tool used to measure clearances and tolerances and variations in tolerance.

Diesel electric locomotives: Operates a diesel engine connected to an alternator that creates electricity, which is transferred into six electric traction motors that drive the wheels on the locomotive.

Disconnecting the autothrottle: The autothrottle remains engaged until reverse thrust is selected after touchdown.

Disponent ship owner: A disponent ship owner is a person who has a right to the use and possession of a ship, either as owner or as bareboat charterer from the beneficial owner of the ship for the time being.

DME: distance measuring equipment

DOC: Department of Conservation

DOWN direction: Trains running away from Otiria in the North Island and away from Picton in the South Island are travelling in the DOWN direction.

Down main line: A portion of rail track on a multiline rail network on which trains are run in the down direction

Down-flooding: The entry of seawater through any opening into the hull of an undamaged vessel.

Downwind call: Radio call made when established on the downwind leg and abeam the upwind threshold to positively establish the aircraft’s position in the circuit for other traffic

Downwind leg: A flight path parallel to the landing runway in the opposite direction to landing

Draft Survey: Method to determine ship cargo weight by measuring draft changes

Draft tensile force: The outward force applied to the carriage-coupler connection

Drainage culvert: A piece of drainage infrastructure that connects stormwater pipes in order to direct water flow to an adjacent area. The culvert at the slip site was located on the hill side of the rail corridor, went under the rail lines and opened on the embankment where the road met the road shoulder area. This allowed debris to flow on to State Highway 1.

Draught: Vertical distance between a ship's waterline and keel

Drawgear: Assembly on rail vehicles for traction and cushioning of forces

Drawgear system: The component that connects the carriage to the coupler

Driver: The train driver

Driver monitor: A driver monitoring system that records and assesses a driver’s alertness and activates alarms when safety parameters are exceeded.

Driver-training train: An empty passenger train operated by a trainee driver under instruction from a qualified person. Trainees learn route-knowledge and train-handling skills before being allowed to drive with passengers onboard.

Drivetrain: The helicopter’s drivetrain is a group of components that transfers power

Drone: The generic term used when referring to a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS), an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or an aircraft in operation without a pilot onboard.

Drone operators: The owner of a drone

Drone pilot: The person controlling the drone in flight.

Drury: Clevedon and Drury are designated visual reporting points for aircraft flying into Ardmore, to achieve geographical separation for inbound and outbound aircraft.

Dry dock: A basin that can be flooded to allow a vessel to be floated into it, then drained, to allow the vessel to rest on a dry platform exposing the entire hull. Dry docks are used for vessel construction, maintenance and repair

Dynamic check: This is where a pilot would attempt to lift off and hover close to the ground and check to see that the controls were in a position that allowed full deflection movement.

E

E-Protect: E-Protect is a system on locomotives that uses Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to monitor the speed of trains approaching compulsory-stop boards (CSB) and applies a penalty brake if a train does not stop at the CSB location. The system is designed only to enforce a stopping sequence. Once the train has stopped, the E-Protect system becomes inactive, allowing the train to be moved through the PWA. The placement of the compulsory-stop protection boards is a necessary reminder for locomotive engineers to prepare their trains for stopping at designated places to avoid emergency brake applications.

EASA: European Union Aviation Safety Administration

East Coast Main Trunk: The railway network that runs from Hamilton to Tauranga and Kawerau and is connected to various other mainline rail networks, stations and rail sidings to operate trains and rail vehicles for the movements of commuter passengers and freight.

Ebbing: Receding or outgoing tide, occurring between high- and low-tide times

ECMT: East Coast Main Trunk

EDTO: Extended Diversion Time Operation

EECU: Electronic Engine Control Unit

EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zone

Effectively stopped: The speed over ground had reduced to 0.6 kt or less

Elastic deformation: Elastic deformation is a temporary deformation of a material’s shape that is self-reversing after removing the force or load.

Electrical Multiple Unit (EMU): An electric multiple unit train operates on an overhead power source that directs power to the train’s traction motors inside the carriages.

Electronic blocking: Electronic blocking is a method of protection whereby the train controller uses the train control system to prevent signals held at red (stop) being placed at green or yellow (proceed). Having to stop for red signals prevents rail traffic from entering a section of track that has been blocked.

Electronic Train Protection (ETP): A train stop protection system designed to reduce the consequences of Signal Passed at Danger occurrences. ETP is an on-board system that is able to read a ‘signal red’ message from an ETCS balise (an electronic beacon or transponder placed between the rails of a railway as part of train control or a protection system). Trackside ETCS was installed throughout the Auckland Metro network as part of the electrification triggered re-signalling.

Elevation: The primary unit of measurement of altitude and elevation or height is the metre. However, the most widely used unit of measurement in aviation is the foot. Metric altitudes and flight levels are used in some countries, such as China and Russia. AIPNZ GEN 2.1 states that the unit for measurement for altitudes, elevations and heights is feet.

Emergency Locator Transmitter: An emergency locator transmitter transmits a distress signal to the Cospas-Sarsat search and rescue satellite system.

Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT): An ELT transmits a distress signal to the Cospas-Sarsat search and rescue satellite system.

Empennage: The tail assembly, including the vertical fin, horizontal stabiliser and tail rotor.

Empennage assembly: A horizontal and vertical stabiliser that is located near the aft end of the tailcone. It is designed to provide stability during flight.

Enclosed waters: Enclosed waters are inland waters or waters within sheltered waters

End of daylight: Civil Aviation Rules (CARs) 1: Definitions defines night beginning at the end of evening civil twilight, which is calculated from tables in AIPNZ GEN 2.7, s1.4 Daylight tables.

Engine room tank-top: The floor of the engine room, under which various tanks and voids are located.

Engine sump: The internal space at the bottom of an engine where lubricating oil either accumulates, or (as in this case) drains into the lube-oil tank beneath.

Engineering risk controls: Engineering risk controls work by isolating hazards, generally by way of the physical design of a system.

Envelope: The part of the balloon that holds the hot air and provides lift.

EPIRB: Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon

EPOD: Electrical power outlet distribution

Escort tug: A tug that follows a ship to assist in manoeuvrability if required.

ETA: Estimated Time of Arrival

ETAShip: Estimated Time of Arrival for a ship

ETCS: European Train Control System standard for train signaling and control

ETD: Estimated Time of Departure

ETP: The point of equal flight time between two diversion airports. The point moves dependent on the wind – in a headwind the point is closer to the destination; in a tailwind it is closer to the point of departure.

Evacuation egress points: Points located at the ends of EMU train cabs, allowing access from the train to the ground via a ramp and handrail system

Evening civil twilight: When the centre of the setting sun’s disc is 6° below the horizon

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs): An area of coastal water and seabed within a defined distance of a country’s coastline, to which the country claims exclusive rights for fishing, drilling and other economic activities.

Excursion: When an aircraft departs a runway in use when landing or taking off, as either a veer-off or an overrun

Expectation bias: A term used to describe the influence that previous experience can have on an individual’s perceptions and decision-making.

Exposition: An exposition is a suite of manuals containing information about an operator’s general policies, duties, operational control policy and procedures, and the responsibilities of personnel. It is the main way of showing that the management and control systems required under the CARs are in place.

F

FAA: Federal Aviation Administration, US Department of Transportation

Fail-safe braking system: The train’s braking system that applies the brakes immediately when carriages or wagon’s part and uncouples the train’s brake pipes between the rail vehicles.

False association: A false association occurs when someone mistakenly believes that two events are related or connected. This often arises when there are superficial similarities or shared characteristics between the two events.

Fatigue cracks: Cracks in a material caused by cyclic loading.

FCOM: Flight Crew Operations Manual. FCOM lays out the procedures and checklists for every phase of flight.

FCTM: flight crew training manual

FDS: The balloon’s fast deflation system

Feeder Vessel: Smaller ship transporting cargo to and from hub ports

FEU: Forty-foot equivalent unit - a container size measure

Final approach: A flight path in the direction of landing along the extended runway centreline from the base leg to the runway

FIR: Flight Information Region

Firm landing: A firm landing is harder than a normal landing but does not reach the threshold for a hard landing, which has a specific meaning in aviation related to the level of damage sustained by an aircraft.

Fishing lures: Hooked objects attached to a fishing line, designed to move and resemble prey.

Fixed signals: In simplified terms, SLAS fixed signals display three different aspects: red (stop), yellow (proceed, but a warning that the next signal is at stop) or green (proceed). There are other variables that are not relevant to this report.

Flapping: Movement of a blade in the vertical sense relative to the plane of rotation.

Flaring the aeroplane: Raising the nose of the aeroplane to the landing attitude.

Flight controls: The flight controls or control surfaces include the elevator, rudder and ailerons.

Flight envelope: The flight envelope in aviation is defined by various parameters and refers to the limits within which an aircraft can operate safely and efficiently. A flight envelope encompasses both normal and extreme flight conditions and is typically represented graphically.

Flight following: Flight following is carried out by OCC staff as described in the operator’s OCC Manual. It includes monitoring the location of a flight at all times and requires OCC staff to monitor, evaluate and distribute any important information to the flight crew, such as changes in weather at the destination or en-route alternate, with a focus on the EDTO portion of a flight.

Flight instruction: Flight instruction provided to a person by an appropriately licensed and rated flight instructor occupying a pilot seat.

Flight Level: Standardised aviation altitude referenced to a pressure datum

Flight manual: A controlled document kept in the cockpit that provides information about the aircraft, including system descriptions, limitations and normal and emergency procedures.

Flight Safety Foundation: The Flight Safety Foundation is an independent, non-profit international organisation for research, education, advocacy and communications in the field of aviation safety (Flight Safety Foundation, 2016).

Flightcell DZMx: The Flightcell DZMx is a voice, data and tracking system designed and manufactured in New Zealand.

Flyaway: When a drone is no longer under the pilot’s control, and it continues to move without pilot input. This is different from a drone that will stop and hold position or return to the operator in the event of a loss of communication.

Flybridge: An additional deck that sits on top of the main superstructure, often used as a viewing point or additional control station.

FMC: flight management computer

FMCG: Fast-moving consumer goods often shipped in containers

FMG: Fatigue Management Guidelines

FOD: foreign object debris or damage

FOR: Field of regard

Fore and aft movement: A longitudinal movement towards the bow and stern

Foredeck: The deck at the forward part of the vessel.

Fouling zone: A position at which entry will obstruct or collide with rail traffic on an adjacent line.

FOV: Field of view

Frangible: Easily broken

Freeboard: Vertical distance from a ship's deck to the waterline

Freeboard deck: The uppermost complete deck exposed to the weather and the sea which has permanent means of closing all openings in it.

Freeze an accident site: Where an investigation is required, the act of retaining all evidence by ensuring nothing is moved or removed from the scene.

Freezing level: The altitude at which the temperature is at 0°C in a free atmosphere (the freezing point of water).

Freight Wagon: Rail vehicle designed to carry goods

Freight wagons: Rail vehicles that move freight on the rail network.

Frog: Part of a railway turnout where tracks intersect

ft: feet

Fuel fill cap: A self-venting petrol cap located on top of the transom where fuel is added

Fuel low-pressure light: A light on an instrument panel designed to gain a pilot’s attention and direct them to an area of concern.

Fuel tank sender unit: Component used to gauge level of fuel in fuel tank

Fuel vent: Part of the fuel tank that allows air to enter and exit the fuel tank as the fuel level changes.

Ful-service brake: A full brake application in the normal operating mode, without using the emergency position.

Full service break application: The maximum train braking force that can be applied through the train’s air brake system

Full stop: A full-stop landing brings the aircraft to taxi speed and then taxis clear of the runway

Full truck load: Transportation of large consignments from any origin to any destination rather than from depot to depot.

G

GA: general aviation

Galley: Nautical term for a kitchen

Ganger: Traditional railway terminology for the supervisor of an infrastructure team (work gang) of track workers

Gate: Passenger or aircraft departure position at a terminal

Generator set enclosure: The generator set enclosure includes the engine, generator, fuel system and cooling and exhaust systems.

Geon: The dark grey material at the edge of some windshields, where rivets attach the windshields to window frames.

GeVis: A KiwiRail software application that displays dynamic geographical location of trains on the network. It is a source of information and is not designed for use as a safe-working system.

GFS: Global Forecast System

Give-way vessel: Under the collision-prevention rules – a vessel that is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel

Global Forecast System (GFS): A USA-based National Center for Environmental Prediction weather forecast model that generates data for, among others, wind. The system couples four separate models (atmosphere, ocean, land/soil and sea ice) to work together and predict global weather conditions.

GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite System: A satellite system that provides location data for navigation purposes; one of Compass, Galileo, Glonass, or GPS.

GNZ: Gliding New Zealand Incorporated

GPS: Global Positioning System

Grooved: Cut across to assist with water runoff and aid braking

Gross Tonnage: Measurement of a ship's overall internal volume

Ground Handling: Services provided to aircraft while on the ground

Ground-relay fault: An unintentional electrical path that runs between a power source and a ground surface.

GSMEACQ: GSMEACQ means Ground, Situation, Mission, Execution, Admin, Command, Questions

GT: Gross tonnes

Guard's wagon: A wagon that is attached to the rear of a freight train and serves as an office for the train guard while they are in transit.

Gudgeon: A hole or socket in which a pintle rotates.

H

HAA: Helicopter air ambulance

Handle off position: There are distinct zones for a train’s brake, known as quadrants. These are: Release; Minimum reduction; Service zone – during normal operation where the reduction is at service rate [controlled rate]; ‘Handle off’ position – for conditioning the brake valve where the brake is applied at service rate. Emergency application – where a brake pipe vents to the atmosphere and brakes are applied more rapidly than a service rate through the train. The Emergency position provides all the available brake effort in a shorter time, together with sanding at the wheel/rail interface to reduce the stopping distance.

Handy bulk carrier: Handy bulk carriers are approximately 10,000 to 39,999 deadweight tons

Hard landing: Sometimes referred to as a heavy landing, when a landing exceeds the manufacturer’s limitations, often expressed as a rate of descent or a ‘g’ loading. This may result in a loss of control and/or aircraft damage and will require an inspection.

Hatch coaming: Vertical structure around a hatch, or other opening in the deck, to prevent water ingress.

Hauling in the net: Retrieving the net after fishing

Heading (marine): The compass direction in which a vessel’s bow is pointing.

Headway: Time or distance interval between trains on the same line

Heaving Line: Light line thrown to pass a heavier mooring line

Heavy destress unit: Destressing is the process of adjusting the rails to a stress-free state at a certain rail temperature. Destressing helps the rails cope better with temperature extremes and prevents buckling or contraction.

Heavy rain: Heavy or very heavy rates of rainfall will clearly have a detrimental impact upon general visibility. However, in addition to any true meteorological reduction of visibility, raindrops impacting the windscreen/canopy will additionally reduce visibility. Windscreen wipers (if fitted) may not be able to fully cope with the rainfall rate. (World Meteorological Organization, n.d.)

Heavy rainfall: Greater than 100 millimetres of rainfall over a 24-hour period or a period of rainfall between 10 and 50 millimetres per hour as classified by the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Taihoro Nukurangi (NIWA).

Heli winch: A helicopter operation involving the use of a hoist mechanism with cable and hook that allows a lowering and/or pick up of an external load/cargo/person from the side of the helicopter.

Helicopter frost protection: Helicopter frost protection involves low-level flying over an affected crop to mix warmer air aloft with the cooler air below to prevent frost from settling on the fruit.

Heliport: Any defined area of land or water, and any defined area on a structure, intended or designed to be used either wholly or partly for the landing, departure and surface movement of helicopters

Helm: The means, such as a steering wheel, by which a vessel’s steering is controlled.

HEMS: Helicopter emergency medical service

HH: Waikato Hospital

Hi-rail vehicle: A vehicle fitted with equipment that gives the capability to travel on both road and rail.

High and dry: Grounded and entirely above the water at low water.

High risk vessel: A ship that has attracted a high number of deficiencies through successive PSC inspections.

HMNZS: Her/His Majesty’s New Zealand Ship

HN: Hamilton Airport

HNVGO: Helicopter night vision goggle operations

Hobbs meter: An activated hour meter used to track the helicopter’s time in service.

Hold Baggage: Checked luggage carried in an aircraft hold

Home base: Where pilots would commence and conclude their rosters.

Home signal: A signal that controls the entry to a station or junction.

Hook and loop retaining strap: The term ‘hook and loop retaining strap’ is commonly used internationally in manuals. An alternative term, ‘hook and loop style fastener’ is often used in safety information bulletins.

Hot air baloon: Incorporates the complete balloon assembly, including the basket, burners and envelope.

Hourly rainfall rate: A rolling average hourly rate

hp: Horse power (a unit of power, 1 kW = 1.341 hp)

hPa: hectopascal

HUET: Helicopter underwater escape training

Hull loss: The destruction or write-off an aircraft

Hydrostatic release: A pressure-activated mechanism designed to automatically deploy a life raft when certain conditions are met.

Hydrovac truck: A vacuum excavator truck purpose-built for non-destructive digging and locating underground service.

I

IACS: International Association of Classification Societies

IAS: indicated airspeed

IATA: International Air Transport Association

IATA DGR: International rules governing air transport of dangerous goods

ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization

ICAP: Initial call answering point

Ice accretion: The process by which a layer of ice (icing) builds up on solid objects that are exposed to freezing precipitation or to supercooled fog or cloud droplets.

IFR: Instrument flight rules

ILS: instrument landing system

IMC: Instrument meteorological conditions (or visibility has reduced to an extent that visual reference of the horizon is lost).

IMO: International Maritime Organization

Impassable: For the purposes of this report, the term ‘impassable’ is used to describe a section of track that should have been closed to rail traffic.

In-cab back-up portable radio: The in-cab back-up portable radio operated on a rechargeable battery system and was stored in the cab of the train.

Inclining experiment: A process that involves causing a vessel to heel to small angles by moving known weights transversely to determine its stability, lightship weight and the coordinates of its centre of gravity.

Increased loading: A type of acceleration force that causes a perception of weight otherwise known as g-force.

Independent brake: The locomotive’s brake system

Individual Train Detection (ITD): Individual Train Detection (ITD) is the lowest form of self-protection required to work on the rail corridor unsupervised. Workers using ITD must comply with conditions including calculating distances from which approaching trains will be sighted. If all conditions cannot be met then a higher form of protection, such as electronic blocking, must be used.

Instrument approach procedure: A series of predetermined manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles.

Interference fit: In this method, the fastening between the pintle and taper in the lower casting is achieved by friction after the parts are pushed together.

Interlocking: The design and arrangement of signalling equipment to prevent unsafe movements that could result in a collision.

Intermediate signal: A signal within an automatic signalling area used to keep trains travelling in the same direction safely separated by indicating proceed if the section ahead is clear or indicating stop if the section is occupied. These signals divide the line between stations into shorter sections and control the entry of trains into such sections.

Intermittent resistance: When there is temporarily no electrical connection, or weak electrical connection (high resistance), from one end of a wire to the other.

International Safety Management (ISM) Code: The ISM Code is the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and Pollution Prevention, as adopted by the IMO assembly in November 1993. The ISM Code came into force in July 1998 and is part of the SOLAS Chapter IX - Management for the Safe Operation of Ships.

Inverter: An electrical device that converts direct current to alternating current

IPMux: Internet protocol multiplexer

ISM Code: The International Safety Management Code is a set of guidelines established by the IMO for the Safe Operation of Ships and for the protection of the environment by shipowners and operators

ISM Code audit: A systematic, independent and documented process to verify whether a safety-management system complies with the requirements of the ISM Code.

Isobath: A line drawn on a chart for indicating the depth of water below the surface

ITD: Individual Train Detection

J

JARUS: Joint Authorities for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems

JC: Christchurch Hospital

JC: Christchurch Hospital

Jetty: Structure extending into water used as a landing stage

JL: Auckland Hospital

Junction: A place at which two or more rail routes converge or diverge.

Junction points: A track component that provides a path for a wheel to transfer from one track to another.

JVL: Johnsonville line

K

Karakia: A Māori incantation or prayer used to invoke spiritual guidance and protection.

Katabatic wind: A downslope wind generated when the air cools and becomes increasingly dense. Normally prevalent early in the morning after a cool night.

KHI: Kawasaki Heavy Industries (the helicopter manufacturer)

Kilometre mark: In railway terminology, the system of measuring track distance on the railway line. Rail workers use a kilometre mark to reference a specific location on the line.

kN: Kilonewtons

Knot: A measurement of speed in nautical miles per hour, equivalent to 1.85 km/h.

Kort nozzle: A non-rotating nozzle fitted around a marine propeller, used to improve the efficiency of the propeller

kt: knot

L

Landing phase: A lateral runway excursion off the side of a runway

Landslide: A landslide happens when a portion of earth moves down a hillside and causes debris to flow and build up.

Large passenger service vehicle: Any passenger service vehicle that is designed or adapted to carry more than 12 people (including the driver)

Laytime: Agreed time allowed for loading or unloading a ship

LCSIA: Level crossing safety impact assessment

LCSS: Level crossing safety score

Lead-lag motion: Movement of a blade forward or aft, in the plane of rotation.

LED: light emitting diode

Lee: The side of an obstacle that is sheltered from the wind.

Level Crossing: Intersection where a railway and a road cross at the same level

Licence holder: A person who is required to hold a licence under Section 15 of the Railways Act 2005 and has been granted a licence under Section 17 of the Railways Act 2005

Lifeline automatic fire extinguisher system: Lifeline fire suppression systems had been designed for use in rally cars and vehicles participating in motor sport events.

Lighterage: Transfer of cargo between a ship and a lighter vessel

Limited Field of View (FOV): While FOV is limited, because NVGs are helmet-mounted the user can move their head to scan a wider area. The total area that can physically be scanned is called field of regard (FOR) and is mainly dependent on the physiology of head movement and cockpit design (eg, seat location, blind spots etc).

Line flight: A flight undertaken by a trainee with a training captain at the completion of line training, to assess whether the trainee meets the standard required to fly unrestricted with the operator.

Line Service Manager (LSM): Manages and monitors the day-to-day train services across the rail network.

Line training: Line training is conducted for pilots new to aircraft types on operational flights by qualified training captains. The objective is for the pilots to achieve a level of competence to undertake line operations unsupervised.

Linehaul Operations Manager (LOM): Manages day-to-day operations for locomotive engineers and operational issues.

Liner service: An international shipping service operating on fixed routes and schedules.

Liner Shipping: Regular service vessels operating on fixed routes and schedules

Lo-Lo: Load-on load-off cargo handling using cranes

Load Line: Mark indicating the maximum depth to which a ship may be safely loaded

Lock-on frame: A metal frame device that contains numbered locations where individually assigned padlocks are attached, to signify that a padlock owner is occupying the Danger Area within a PWA. Before the RPO authorises personnel to leave the safe place, they must attach their RPO padlock to the lock-on frame handle. All personnel and visitors on site must then attach padlocks for themselves before leaving the safe place, and padlocks for any vehicles under their control that will foul the track. When clearing the track for a rail movement (train), personnel must secure vehicles under their control in a safe mode, clear of the track, before returning to the safe place and locking off. After removing their padlock, personnel must not foul the track until they are authorised to resume work by the RPO. The requirement to use the system was contained in KiwiRail’s Track Safety Rule 902(g).

Locking: The process of placing or removing protection padlocks in accordance with KiwiRail’s track safety rules (see Appendix 4).

Locking pin: Configured to be released by a manually operated handle that can be opened and closed with a locking pin within the body of the coupler head.

Locomotive: Self-propelled rail vehicle that provides motive power for a train

Locomotive engineer: Mainline train drivers are referred to by KiwiRail as locomotive engineers to reflect the required qualifications of the role.

Locomotive engineer minder: A person who is assigned to a trainee locomotive engineer to provide supervision and guidance while the trainee locomotive engineer drives the train.

Long final: Long final is an extension of the final leg, as depicted in Figure 4, and is effectively a straight-in approach to the runway

Long final leg: Joining the circuit by an extension of the final leg, effectively a straight-in approach.

Low water: The lowest level of water reached by a particular tide.

LTE: Loss of tail rotor effectiveness – when a tail rotor is unable to carry out its function, often because of adverse wind conditions. This term was first used by the US Army.

M

M2000 Mechanical Code: Its purpose is to ensure that rail vehicles and associated equipment comply with the conditions of KiwiRail’s Rail Licence and National Rail System Standards (NRSS).

Magneto: An engine-driven electrical generator that produces high voltage that forces a spark to jump across a spark plug gap in a cylinder. The engine is equipped with two magnetos; the engine’s right magneto has tachometer contact points that provide an engine RPM signal to the governor controller and engine tachometer.

MAIIF: Marine Accident Investigators’ International Forum (MAIIF) is an international non-profit organisation dedicated to the advancement of maritime safety and the prevention of marine pollution

Main line: In multiple-line areas, the up main line is generally used by rail traffic travelling in a northerly direction, whereas the down main line is used to travel in a southerly direction.

Main rotor pitch change bearings: Main rotor pitch change bearings, commonly referred to as spindle bearings.

Main-engine sump: The internal space at the bottom of an engine where lubricating oil accumulates, or as in this case drains into the lube-oil tank below.

Maintenance provider: A person who provides maintenance services for any railway infrastructure or rail vehicle, whether or not that person engages rail personnel to do so on its behalf.

Manifest: List of cargo passengers and crew carried by a vessel or aircraft

Manual control: The train control system provides the ability to activate certain level crossing alarms that were historically controlled by local signal boxes. With the closure of local signal boxes these locations can be controlled remotely from the train control centre in Wellington. Some level crossings do not require the ability to be activated remotely and rely on automatic activation by the approach of a train.

Maritime Transport Operator Plan (MTOP): A comprehensive safety management plan that vessel operators must develop and maintain to ensure the safe operation of their vessels.

Mark up the site: To spray-paint the position of equipment or vehicles on the railway so that measurements can be taken once the equipment has been moved

MARPOL: International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

Marshalling: Yard process of sorting and arranging rail wagons into trains

Master: A licensed mariner who has command of a merchant vessel

Master caution light: A light on an instrument panel designed to gain a pilot’s attention and direction them to an area of concern.

Master/pilot exchange: A formal exchange of information between the master and the pilots on matters such as the ship’s characteristics, operational parameters and the pilots’ intended passage.

Maximum continuous rating: The maximum power output an engine can sustain continuously at safe limits and in safe conditions.

Maximum weight: Maximum weight is also known in New Zealand as the Maximum All Up Weight

Mayday call: The internationally recognised maritime distress call over radio communications used to indicate that a vessel, aircraft or person is in grave and imminent danger and requires immediate assistance

MB: Mechanics Bay Heliport (Auckland)

MBB: Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm

MBZ: Mandatory Broadcast Zone

MDF: Medium-density fibreboard

Medevac: Medevac is the transportation of patients from the accident site to a medical facility.

MeFlight: A pilot weather briefing service supplied by MetService

MEL: MEL is Minimum Equipment List for an aircraft to remain operational.

Memorandum of Understanding: A memorandum between countries by region to avoid ships undergoing undue repetitive PSC inspections in every country visited. These memorandums also provide mechanisms for other countries to follow up on deficiencies that have a future date by which they must be rectified.

Mental model: An internal representation of how an individual understands a particular situation to be. Representations develop from cues in the immediate environment as well as knowledge gained through training and experience.

MEOSAR: Medium-altitude earth orbit search and rescue satellite system for distress alerting and position determination of 406 MHz beacons.

Metal road: An unsealed or shingle road

METAR: Aviation routine weather report

Metroliner: A 19-seat twin-turboprop(ellor) aeroplane.

MetService: Meteorological Service of New Zealand.

MetSolutions: MetSolutions is contracted to KiwiRail to provide general weather updates three times a week and further alerts (escalated weather alerts) when severe weather is predicted.

Mimic screen: A mimic screen is a visual display of the train control system whereby the train controller commands the movement of points and the operation of signals.

Minima: Criteria used by pilots to determine if they can land or take-off from a runway. Consists of two parts: cloud base and visibility.

Mis 51: KiwiRail form issued as an operating instruction

Mis 71 pad: A Mis 71 pad contains printed forms to be completed for track occupation cross checks when requesting track time. KiwiRail has several different Mis (Miscellaneous) forms.

Mis.88: Name of form used by addressees to record details of track warrants

MLW: Maximum Landing Weight of an aircraft

MNZ Recognised Surveyor: A person whose qualifications or certifications as a surveyor have been recognised by the Director of MNZ in accordance with section 41(2) of the Maritime Transport Act 1994.

Mobile-plant controller: A person responsible for authorising the movements of mobile plant within a worksite

MONIM: Met Office Night Illumination Model

Mooring: Securing a vessel to a fixed or floating object

Morning civil twilight: When the centre of the rising sun’s disc is 6 degrees (°) below the horizon. It is defined as the end of night in CARs Part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations

MOSS: Maritime Operator Safety System

MoT: Ministry of Transport

Motorsailer: A boat designed primarily as a motor launch but fitted with rigging and sails as an alternative means of propulsion.

MOU: Memorandum of Understanding

MPLS: Multi-protocol label switching

MSCD: Minimum Safe Crewing Document

MSL: Main South Line

MTMVs: Mobile Track Maintenance Vehicles are large self-propelled machines that travel along the rail line to conduct maintenance work.

MTOC: Maritime Transport Operator Certificate

MTOP: Maritime Transport Operator Plan

MTOW: Maximum Takeoff Weight of an aircraft

Multiline: A line that incorporates an up and a down main line adjacent to each other

Multiple Unit: Train set with distributed traction across cars

N

NAL: North Auckland line

NASO: National Ambulance Sector Office

National Air Desk: A coordination and tasking function, operated by Hato Hone St John, that provides oversight, dispatch and clinical support functions to air ambulance services.

National train control centre: The national train control centre is housed in Wellington Railway Station and is where train movements and track occupations are authorised by train controllers.

Nautical miles: 1 nautical mile (NM) equals 1.85 kilometres (km)

Navigator: Database maintained by MNZ since 2010, which can be referenced by other surveyors for vessel survey history.

Navigatus: Real-time weather information in the vicinity of aerodromes, provided by Navigatus.aero

NE: North Shore Aerodrome (Auckland)

Network Control Manager: The Network Control Manager is a shift-working manager based in the train control centre who is responsible for activity on the rail network throughout the country.

New Zealand Waters: New Zealand waters means: (a) the territorial sea of New Zealand; (b) the internal waters of New Zealand; and (c) all rivers and other inland waters of New Zealand.

Newton: A newton is a unit of force, in this case used to describe the magnitude of buoyancy provided by a lifejacket

Night: As defined in Civil Aviation Rules (CARs) Part 1, night means the hours between: (1) the end of evening civil twilight, which is when the centre of the setting sun’s disc is 6° below the horizon; and (2) the beginning of morning civil twilight.

Night Vision Imaging System: A system that integrates all elements necessary for a pilot wearing night-vision goggles to operate an aircraft successfully and safely. Night Vision Imaging Systems allow a pilot to have enhanced vision while flying at night under visual meteorological conditions.

NIMT: North Island Main Trunk

NIWA: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric research

nm: Nautical mile

Noise abatement procedure: Prescribed procedures that are designed to reduce the effects of noise within the vicinity of an aerodrome.

Non-negative result: Indicating the possible presence of the substance being tested for, but not reliable as a final result and requiring laboratory analysis. If laboratory analysis confirms the presence of the substance it is referred to as a positive test result for that substance.

Non-precision approach: A non-precision instrument approach provides lateral guidance only; no vertical guidance.

Non-technical skills: Also known as soft skills, non-technical skills go beyond the technical skills directly related to performing specific tasks. The Railway Safety and Standards Board (RSSB, United Kingdom) lists them in categories that include situational awareness, self-management, cooperation with others, communication, conscientiousness and workload management.

Normalisation of deviance: A term used to describe a situation where operations outside of a rule or regulation become a standard practice or social norm within an organisation or industry.

North Island-based floating fleet: Fleet drivers and vehicles not based at a Mainfreight regional hub that conduct long-distance, point-to-point freight deliveries.

Northland Emergency Services Trust (NEST): Northland Emergency Services Trust and Auckland Rescue Helicopter Trust had at the time merged to become one company, Northern Rescue Helicopter Limited (NRHL). However, they were still in the process of aligning the two previous entities operationally. For the purposes of this report, we have retained their original names for clarity of the narrative.

NOTAM: Notice to Airmen or Notice to Air Mission is a notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing information on the establishment of, condition of or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations.

NP: New Plymouth Airport

NR: Napier Airport

NS: Nelson Airport

NS: Nelson Airport

NTSB: National Transportation Safety Board

NV: Invercargill

NVG: Night vision googles (NVGs) are an item of equipment that, together with other elements (such as aircraft lighting and approved operating procedures), form a night vision imaging system (NVIS).

NVIS: Night vision imaging system

NZAARS: New Zealand Aeromedical and Air Rescue Standard

NZFIR: New Zealand flight information region

NZST: New Zealand Standard Time

O

Object salience: That property by which something stands out, ie its importance relative to other objects.

OBL: Onehunga Branch Line

OCS: Oceanic control service

Oiler: A junior position within the vessel’s engineering team, responsible for general maintenance and cleaning.

Oily water separator: An oil-discharge monitoring, filtering and control system that ensures oil discharged to the sea does not exceed a rate of 15 parts per million.

On-job training: On-job training spans the period when a trainee completes practical train driving training a minimum time period of 1040 hours before a full certification assessment can be conducted.

On-scene coordinator: Coordinator of all search and rescue assets at the scene. The RCC still retained responsibility for overall coordination of the search.

On-the-Job Training (OJT): The placement of a trainee with a licensed practitioner in actual operations to carry out safety-critical tasks. The purpose of this training is for the trainee to gain exposure to a range of experiences and become fully competent in the designated tasks.

On-track: The term used to position a road rail vehicle known as a hi rail vehicle on a level crossing or track access site to engage the vehicle’s rail wheels with the track for rail operation.

On-tracked: The activity whereby the HRV transitions from the road onto the railway track by lowering the rail wheels. Off-tracking is the opposite action, from the railway track onto the road.

Onboard Staff Manager (OSM): Manages the onboard service on the train.

Operating instruction: A method of authorising a train journey for use only on the Midland line

Operator: A person authorised to operate a mobile track-maintenance vehicle and who is in charge of the train or machine group.

Operator’s exposition: A manual that defines the organisation, identifies the approved senior persons and details the means of compliance with the CARs.

OpsSpec: Operations specification (USA)

Ordinary Safety Assessments (OSAs): OSA is a safety assessment undertaken of all parts or any part of a rail participant’s rail activities to enable the Director of Land Transport to gain appropriate assurances that those rail activities will continue to be conducted safely or to determine the action that must be taken by the rail participant so that those assurances may be gained.

Ordinary Seaman (OS): Seafarer, aged 18 or more, who has not qualified to be rated as an AB.

Orographic uplift: The process by which a mass of air is lifted by a geographical feature such as a line of hills or a mountain range.

Out of ground effect (OGE): A helicopter is said to be OGE when the rotor downwash is no longer affected by the surface under it and more power is required to hover. This change occurs gradually at a height equivalent to about one rotor disc diameter.

Outbound pilotage: The activity carried out by a pilot in assisting the master of a ship in navigation while entering or leaving a port.

Overhead position: A pilot can join the circuit pattern at an unattended airfield by flying overhead the airfield at an altitude 500 ft above the circuit altitude so that they can assess the wind direction and circuit direction in use by other aircraft.

Overhead power lines: Overhead power lines operate with a current of 1500 volts, which powers the train as it operates under them. They are connected by the train’s adjustable pantograph to transfer the power to the train’s traction motor system.

Overlap: The section of line in advance of a stop signal that must be unoccupied.

Overrun: An aircraft departs the end of a runway

P

Padlock system: A KiwiRail safe-working system whereby visitors to a worksite must lock an individual padlock on to a frame upon entry. The worksite cannot be considered clear until all padlocks have been removed from the frame.

Painter: A rope connection between a strong point on the ship and the life raft

Pan-Pan: An international standard urgency signal given through radiotelephony message to indicate that a vessel may need urgent assistance.

Pantograph: Device on rail vehicles to collect power from overhead lines

Parbuckling: The righting of a capsized vessel using rotational leverage

Part: Loss of connection between two or more rail vehicles.

Passive protection: Control of the movement of vehicular or pedestrian traffic across a railway level crossing by signs or devices, none of which are activated during the approach or passage of a train. It relies on the road user detecting the approach or presence of a train by direct observation.

Payload: Weight available for cargo passengers and baggage after fuel and crew

Pelagic: Of, relating to, or living or occurring in the open sea

Permit to enter: The necessary authority required for working in, or impacting on, KiwiRail rail operational areas, unless working under direct KiwiRail supervision

PF: pilot flying

PFD: Primary Flight Display

PIC: Pilots in command

Pilot: A role defined in the operator’s Operations Manual as being responsible for daily management of pilots and ground crew and can task a pilot for flying duties.

Pilot's Operating Handbook: A controlled document kept in the cockpit that provides information about the helicopter, including system description, limitations and normal and emergency procedures.

Pilotage: The activity carried out by a pilot assisting the master of a ship in navigation while entering or leaving a port.

Pilotage limit: The limit of the pilotage area within which compulsory pilotage applies. Defined in Maritime Rules Part 90: Pilotage.

Pilotage waters: Navigable waters in which a ship is usually required to use the services of a maritime pilot

Piloted: Provided line of sight vision for the Operator/Locomotive Engineer, ensuring the safety of a movement.

Piloting duties: Giving information and direction to the locomotive engineer

Pilots’ controls: Control column and rudder pedals

Pintle: A metal pin attached to the rudder used as a pivot point, allowing the rudder to turn.

Plastic deformation: Plastic deformation is a process in which an object, as a result of applied force, changes its size or shape in a way that is not reversible.

PM: Pilot monitoring - the person responsible for monitoring the course of the flight and radio communications with ATC, flight attendants and passengers.

Point lever: A manually operated lever that moves the points (movable part of the track that guides rail traffic from one track to another). Points can be set at normal or reverse, dependent on what direction is required for rail traffic.

Point levers: A manually operated lever that moves the points (movable part of the track that guides rail traffic from one track to another). Points can be set at normal or reverse, dependent on what direction is required for rail traffic.

Points: Points can be in either ‘Reverse’ or ‘Normal’. Reverse is the position of points set for a less commonly used route. Normal is the position of points set for a more commonly used route, usually straight running.

Points machines: Machines that move points to guide trains towards either the straight (Normal) or diversion (Reverse) track.

Pontoon boat: A rigid-hulled collared vessel that has alloy buoyancy chambers around the periphery of the hull.

Porosity: A type of weld defect that refers to the entrapment of external gases in a welded joint, creating cavities, holes and pits in the weld material

Port: The side of a vessel that is left when facing forward

Port Call: Visit of a vessel to a port for operations and services

Port pontoon: Alloy buoyancy chamber around the periphery of the hull

Port quarter: The aft quadrant of the port side of the vessel

Port state: The country that holds jurisdiction over the port concerned

Port State Control: Inspection of foreign ships in national ports for compliance

Port State Control (PSC) inspections: Refers to an internationally accepted regime under which administrations of countries can conduct inspections of visiting ships that are registered in other countries.

Port swing: A progressive change in heading to port or starboard

Portable fire extinguisher: A handheld active fire protection device usually filled with a dry chemical used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergencies.

Portable Pilot Unit: A portable navigation support system specifically designed for maritime pilots

Position: Position refers to position in the circuit, e.g. downwind or final. Some pilots add their sequence in the circuit pattern to their radio calls to enhance situational awareness for other pilots in the circuit.

Power generator sets: The inspection and maintenance of the power generator set every 500 operating hours was independent of the inspection and maintenance checks of the wagon itself.

Power supply system: Two separate power supply systems A and B. Each system includes electrical mains power supply, reserve mains power supply, uninterruptable power supply and a backup diesel generator

Power-connection lead: Supplies power to the train’s electrical equipment from an onboard generator.

PP: Paraparaumu Airport

PP: Paraparaumu Airport

PPL: Private pilot licence

PPL(G): Private pilot glider licence

Precision approach: Instrument approach and landing procedure using precision lateral and vertical guidance.

Preventive risk control: Risk controls are preventive if they stop events occurring, while mitigation controls are those that attempt to limit the extent of harm or the consequences of unwanted events.

Propelling wagons: Rail movement whereby the locomotive is at the rear and pushes the train ahead.

Protected work area: A section of line or lines where rail personnel are carrying out activities using an approved protection method

Protected Work Area (PWA): A section of line or lines where rail personnel carry out activities using an approved protection method

Protected Work Area Logbook: A record required to be completed when undertaking protection duties using compulsory-stop protection

Protection arrangement: The safe-work method used to protect track workers from rail movements through the worksite

PSAP: Public service answering point

PSC: Port State Control

Push-pull mode: Where a locomotive at one end of a train is connected via controls to an unpowered vehicle equipped with a control cab at the other end of the train.

Pushback: Procedure of moving an aircraft backward from the stand using a tug

PWA: Protected Work Area

Pyrophoric action: Pyrophoric action is the spontaneous ignition of something on exposure to the air.

Q

QAC: Queenstown Airport Corporation

QMUG: Queenstown Milford User Group

QN: Queenstown Airport

QN: Queenstown Airport

QNH: The pressure set on the subscale of the altimeter so that the instrument indicates its height above sea level. Q-Codes are a standard set of three letter codes starting with the letter Q, each with a specific meaning.

Quarter: The aft quadrant of the vessel from beam to stern.

Quay: Structure built parallel to the shore for loading and unloading vessels

Queenstown Flight Information Region: A defined airspace area established by an aviation authority to provide flight information services and ensure the safe and efficient flow of air traffic.

Quest Integrity: Quest Integrity provides industrial inspection and product failure analysis services.

R

Radio altimeter: An electronic device capable of measuring the height of an aircraft above the terrain immediately below it. The radio (or radar) altimeter is independent from the barometric altimeter system. The radio altimeter does not use air pressure. It measures the height above the surface below using a radio signal reflected from that surface. The manually set reference height with the height setting bug, activates an alert when the aircraft descends below that setting.

Radio emergency response alerts: Automatic radio emergency response alerts are sent to train control when brakes are placed in the emergency position or the braking system loses air.

Raft-up: Raft-up means to secure one vessel to another, with the vessels arranged side by side so that a person can walk between them.

Rafted up: The term used to describe multiple vessels tied together

Rail access provider: Person who controls the use of a railway line by rail operators (including that person if it is also a rail operator)

Rail bridge: Rail bridges are numbered throughout the rail network; they also outline the track meterage on small white sign plaques located at each end of the bridge supports.

Rail corridor: The land between the legal boundaries of railway land or land within 3 metres (m) of the centreline of any operational track where the land boundary is less than this distance.

Rail Incident Co-ordinator (RIC): Deployed to control and monitor accidents or incidents to ensure the recovery is completed safely and details of the occurrence are recorded for reporting and investigation purposes.

Rail movement: The operation on rail of rail traffic

Rail operator: Provides or operates a rail vehicle, whether or not it engages rail personnel to do so, or to assist in doing so, on its behalf. It does not include those rail personnel.

Rail participant: Section 4 of the Railways Act 2005 defines a rail participant to mean any of the following: (a) an infrastructure owner (b) a rail vehicle owner (c) a railway premises owner (d) a rail access provider (e) a rail operator (f) a network controller (g) a maintenance provider (h) a railway premises manager (i) any other class of person prescribed as a rail participant by regulations.

Rail personnel: In relation to a rail participant, means an individual engaged by the rail participant or by an agent or contractor of the rail participant, whether as an employee, agent, contractor, or volunteer, for the purposes of carrying out, or assisting in carrying out, rail activities of the rail participant.

Rail Protection Officer (RPO): The person with overall responsibility for providing rail protection for the Protected Work Area

Rail protection officers (RPOs): An RPO is a person qualified to establish track protection for a protected work area.

Rail Protection Officer (RPO): A qualified person with overall responsibility for protecting workers in a work area on the railway.

Rake: A group of vehicles, usually not formed as a train, moved as a unit during shunting and marshalling.

Ramp: Area of an airport where aircraft are parked loaded fueled or boarded

Rate of turn: A turn accomplished at 3° per second (180° per minute), and the maximum recommended rate of turn when flying with sole reference to instruments. Also known as a standard turn

Ratings (gliding): Glider pilot ratings, such as an instructor or passenger rating, issued by GNZ under a delegated authority from the CAA

RCA: Road controlling authority

RCC: Rescue Coordination Centre

RCCNZ: Rescue Coordination Centre New Zealand

Read across error: An error in which a signal on an adjacent parallel track is mistaken for a signal for authority to proceed.

Reamer bolts: A type of fastener designed for use in high-torque systems. A reamer bolt has a smooth, cylindrical shank that fits tightly into a corresponding hole, ensuring minimal movement and high precision.

Recency bias: Recency bias is the tendency to weigh recent events more heavily than earlier events.

Rectifier: An electrical device that converts alternating current into direct current by allowing a current to flow through it in one direction only.

Reduced overlap: An overlap that is shorter than the minimum permitted length of a full overlap.

Refuge cassette: The structure attached to the platform of a wagon.

Refuge wagon: Rail wagon that provides a protected area from which a rail operator can direct the locomotive engineer.

Regulator: A machine used to shape and distribute the ballast after it has been tamped.

Remote aerodrome: Any structure or any area of land or water used for take-off or landing

Response plan: A guided document outlining the process and established procedures for people to follow in situations such as incidents or accidents.

Restricted inshore limits: Inshore limit encompasses ‘water closely adjacent to sheltered waters’

Retro-reflective: Reflects light back to its source instead of reflecting away in another direction.

RHIB: Rigid hull inflatable boat

Ring-fenced certificates: A regulatory framework that permits mariners with legacy certifications to retain their credentials, thereby avoiding the expense of transitioning to a new qualification, these certificates are not STCW aligned.

Rip line: This collapses the vent, allowing hot air to escape and causing a rapid deflation of the envelope. The term rip line is used in this report as it is the common ballooning term for the control that rapidly deflates the balloon on landing. The rip line was solid red in colour to differentiate it from other control lines.

Risk control plan: Documentation relating to Fulton Hogan’s internal processes of documenting and managing risks on a worksite, incidental to the Rail Protection Officer’s duties

Risk-triggered commentary train driving: Risk-triggered commentary train driving provides a methodology for drivers to improve their retention in working memory of safety-critical information and to check their intended actions against retained knowledge and long-term memory.

RNAV: Area navigation allowing aircraft to fly any desired path within coverage

RNP: Required Navigation Performance specifying accuracy and integrity requirements

RNR Project: Rail Network Rebuild project

RNZN: Royal New Zealand Navy

RO: Rotorua Airport

Ro-Ro: Roll-on roll-off ships designed to carry wheeled cargo

Road controlling authority: The authority, body or other person that has control of a road; and includes a person acting under, and within the terms of, any delegation or authorisation given by that authority, body or other person

Roads: Roadstead or anchoring ground; a sheltered body of water near the shore where a vessel can lie reasonably safely at anchor.

Rolling: Taking off

ROO: Regional Operations Officer (three in total – Northern, Central and Southern)

Rotor overspeed: Is when the rotor speed exceeds the stipulated maximum operational limit.

RPAS: remotely piloted aircraft system

RPM: Revolutions per minute

RPO: Rail Protection Officer

RT: Rotorua Airport

RTCA: Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics

Rudder: The rudder is located on the vertical fin (tail) and cause an aeroplane to yaw left or right about its vertical axis.

Rudder palm: A horizontal coupling plate that connects the rudder blade to the rudder stock.

Rudder pintle: A metal pin attached to the rudder used as a pivot point, allowing the rudder to turn.

Rudder stock: A solid shaft that connects the rudder blade to the ship’s internal steering mechanism.

Run-on landing: A landing with significant forward motion, as opposed to a landing from a hover. After touchdown, forward motion is maintained until ground friction brings the helicopter to a halt. It is generally used when there is insufficient power to sustain a hover.

Run-through: A run-through is an unintended movement of a rail vehicle through a set of points in the trailing direction when the points are set against the movement being carried out.

Rūnanga: Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura is the tribal council for the hapu of Ngāti Kuri

Runway: Defined rectangular area for aircraft takeoff and landing

S

S-class carriage: An “S” (Scenic) class carriage is a corridor-type passenger carriage.

Safe place: A place where people and equipment cannot be struck by passing rail traffic.

Safe Working Authority (SWA): A form used to authorise rail traffic movements not otherwise permitted under the normal system of safe working.

Safety case: A comprehensive document that outlines the safety risks associated with a system or installation and explains how these risks are managed

Safety moment: Discussion and reflection on a health and safety topic or news.

Safety observation assessment: An eight-monthly observation conducted by a certified assessor to review the practical competence of a rail staff member.

Safety observations: ‘In the field assessments’ of rail personnel applying practical skills to activities specified in their licences to operate

Safety system: A written record of all the management and operational policies and practices that relate to the safe conduct of rail activities, including the operational and training manuals.

Safety-critical: Activities that, if not performed correctly, could lead to serious harm or injury.

Safety-critical activities: Activities that, if not performed correctly, could lead to serious harm or injury.

Safety-critical workers: A worker whose action or inaction may lead directly to a serious incident affecting the public or the rail network.

Safety-observation assessment: An assessment, carried out by certified rail personnel, to ensure locomotive engineers complete various tasks correctly in order to maintain their licence to operate train services.

SAR: Search and rescue

Satphone: A satellite telephone installed on all the operator’s aircraft as the primary means of communication with the OCC.

Say again: “Say again” is a standard radio transmission made when one station has not heard or understood a transmission and requests a repeat of the transmission, while “barely readable” is an assessment on the legibility of a transmission.

Scientific buoys: Scientific buoys used to record weather conditions at sea level.

Sea Lane: Regularly used maritime route for vessels

Seaworthy: Broadly, to be described as seaworthy a “ship must be in a fit state as to repairs, equipment, and crew, and in all other respects to encounter the ordinary perils of the voyage” (as explained by Parke, B in Dixon v Sadler [1839] 5 M&W 405). Alternatively, the ship must meet “that degree of fitness which an ordinary careful and prudent owner would require [his/her] vessel to have at the commencement of [his/her] voyage having regard to all probable circumstances of it” (see Channel J in McFadden v Blue Star Line [1905] 1 KB 697 at 706).

Secondary protection: An additional protection method, used in multi-worksite protected work areas.

Sector: A sector is one flight from a departure point to a destination point.

Selcalled: A function of KiwiRail’s radio system that sends an audible alert and caller identifying information to a train control radio display. When radio traffic is busy, this function allows the train controller to prioritise the order of communication and selectively call back as required.

Self-venting fuel cap: Fuel cap with an integrated breather: the vented cap allows for air to come into the tank as fuel is consumed and levels drop, as well as allowing for air to escape via a surge plug.

Semi-permanent couplers: The coupler interconnects into a pneumatic connection and is released through an in-cab electrical circuit.

SEND: Satellite Emergency Notification Device

Senior person: The Operations Manual Part A Section 1.1 list the individuals who have been nominated by the operator as Senior persons for specific designated roles, and these must be individually approved by the CAA.

Service director: The senior cabin crew person.

Service speed: The normal operating speed of the vessel while in service

SFV: Skipper Fishing Vessel – Limited

SFV-U: Skipper Fishing Vessel – Unlimited

Shackle: One shackle is a length of anchor chain equal to 27.4 m

Shipping agent: Person who acts for one or more of the parties with an interest in the vessel charter; the same agent may act on behalf of the ship owner and the charterer

Shoal: A natural submerged ridge, bank or bar that consists of, or is covered by, sand or other unconsolidated material and rises from the seabed to near the surface. A shoal is a navigational hazard.

Shoe piece: A structural member of the stern frame.

Shooting the net: Deploying the net to start fishing

Shroud: Shrouds (also known as ‘visors’) are fitted to signals to improve visibility in bright sun.

Shunt: A generic term for the movement of locomotives, wagons and carriages using a purpose-built railway engine (shunt)

Shunting: Movement of rail vehicles for formation or positioning of trains

Shunting movements: The positioning and connecting of rail vehicles or wagons together or disconnecting them.

SID: Standard Instrument Departure procedure from an aerodrome

Siding: Low-speed track section used for loading unloading or passing

Sighting distance: The distance from a signal to its sighting point. The sighting distance is designed for 12 seconds’ uninterrupted at maximum train approach speed, but 10 seconds is the absolute minimum in difficult situations

Signal: A line side device that displays the movement authority to proceed to a train driver

Signalling and Interlocking Arrangements: A general term applied to the controlling of the setting and releasing of ‘signals’ and ‘points’ to prevent unsafe conditions arising.

Signals maintainer: A person qualified in repairing and maintaining railway signaling equipment, including signals and points.

Signals technician: A person qualified in repairing and maintaining railway signalling equipment, including signals and points. Of the two technicians referred to in this report, one specialised in signals maintenance while the other was a communications specialist who was assisting the signals technician. For the purposes of this report, both are collectively referred to as signals technicians as that was the nature of the work being performed.

Signal gantry: A framework suspended across train tracks upon which signals can be mounted.

Significant wave height: The average wave height, from trough to crest, of the highest one-third of the measured or observed waves.

Simulated flight: Simulated flight in instrument meteorological conditions by restricting the pilot’s view outside and with a safety pilot for aircraft separation.

Simulated in flight: Simulated in flight with a safety pilot present, but without entering instrument meteorological conditions

Sink: Sink is the opposite of lift. It is air flowing downwards towards the ground.

Site Protector (SP): The person responsible for all personnel and equipment in a worksite, and who reports to the RPO.

Situational awareness: Situational awareness relates to an individual’s understanding of their surroundings. This includes their perception of data from their environment, comprehension of the meaning and significance of the situation, and projection to future states and events.

Skills: Skills are activities that have been either learnt or acquired and result in a predictable and often better outcome.

Skipper: The captain of a boat or ship

Skipper Restricted Limits certificate: Endorsed for up to 24-metre vessels.

Sky glow: Effects of solar light present in the sky until the sun is approximately 18 degrees below the horizon.

Slave latch block: The latch block to which the handle is attached is considered the master and the other three are termed slaves.

Sleeper: Transverse support for rails distributing loads to ballast

Slight seas: Waves caused by 15 kt wind in the immediate vicinity, typically about 0.5 m high but can occasionally rise to 1.5 m

Slip: In regions with hilly or mountainous terrain, a ‘slip’ refers to rockfalls or landslides that may endanger railway activities.

Slip-detector alarm: In regions with hilly or mountainous terrain, a ‘slip’ refers to rockfalls or landslides that may endanger railway activities. Slip detectors within this context are trackside equipment designed to detect rockfalls or landslides and initiate an alert and provide details of the location to the responsible rail personnel.

SLM: Senior Launch Master

Slot: Allocated time window for aircraft takeoff or landing

SMS: Safety Management System

SOLAS: International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea

SOP: Standard Operating Procedure

Sounding: Measurement of depth of water or tank liquid level

SPA: Specific approvals (European Union)

SPAD: Rail terminology for the act of a signal having been passed at danger. This occurs when a train should have stopped for a red signal but has continued past it.

Special Bulletin: An internal memorandum issued to KiwiRail staff containing information and instructions temporarily altering a normal method of operation.

Speed boards: Trackside equipment displaying the maximum speed for that section of track.

Speed indicator: A numeric indicator illuminated to advise the safe speed for the route set. Normally associated with a warner route (a specific type of route provided at some signals, selected by the signaller, where the full overlap of a signal may not be available).

Spidertracks: A satellite flight data tracking device made by Spidertracks Limited.

Spiny dogfish: A small species of shark found throughout the seas surrounding the southern half of New Zealand; taken as bycatch they are considered a nuisance, as they can severely hamper fishing operations when they become fouled in fishing nets.

Sprag clutch: An overrunning sprag clutch automatically disengages the engine from the rotor when the engine RPM is less than the rotor RPM.

Spring pack: The damping system that absorbs in-train forces to the carriage-coupler connections

SRL: Skipper Restricted Limit

SSSS: Site-specific safety score

Stabilised approach: The stabilised approach, based on aviation practices, has been developed by RSSB into the non-technical skills training as the Observe, Understand, Decide and Act model.

Stanchion: A vertical support structure used to secure cargo, such as logs, on the upper deck of a vessel

Stand: Parking position for an aircraft on the apron

Stand-on vessel: Under the collision-prevention rules – a vessel that is required to maintain its course and speed and monitor the give-way vessel.

Standing orders: The rules posted by the vessel’s captain and/or the operator to be understood by each watchkeeper operating the vessel

STAR: standard arrival route

Starboard: The right side of a vessel when the viewer is facing forward

Startle effect: Defined in SKYbrary as an uncontrollable, automatic reflex that is elicited by exposure to a sudden, intense event that violates a pilot’s expectations. SKYbrary is an international repository of aviation-related information managed by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and Flight Safety Foundation.

Static excercise: The testing was done in the field rather than in a rail vehicle.

Station: Fuselage station numbers identify locations fore and aft along an aircraft’s fuselage with the numbers being measured from a reference datum (station zero).

Station limits: Tracks within arrival and departure signals of a station. Trains within this area may move on verbal authority of a train controller or signaller.

STC: A Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) is a Type Certificate issued when an applicant has received approval to modify an aeronautical product from its original design. The STC approves not only the modification but also how that modification affects the original design.

STC: Supplemental Type Certificate

STCW-F: International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel

Steaming: Making way through the water

Stern: The rear of a vessel.

Stern frame: A heavy structural member in the stern that supports a ship’s propeller shaft and rudder system.

Stop drill: A stop drill hole is drilled at the end of a crack to spread the cracking force around the hole and prevent the crack propagating.

Stowage Plan: Plan showing placement of cargo within a ship or aircraft

Stranded: When a ship or a boat is aground and cannot be refloated without assistance

Sub-tropical low: Sub-tropical low is a type of weather condition that can bring heavy rain with possible thunderstorms and downpours. It may also bring strong and gale-force winds.

Sump: The internal space at the bottom of an engine where lubricating oil accumulates, or as in this case drains into the lube-oil tank below.

Superstructure: Structures built on top of a vessel’s freeboard deck

Support desk: The KiwiRail support desk takes incoming communications and network-related issues and organises staff to complete various maintenance tasks on and inspections of the rail network.

Swell: Ocean waves not generated by wind in the immediate vicinity

Swim failure: A person is no longer able to swim or remain afloat.

Swing: A swing shift is a work schedule that falls outside normal business hours and spans both daytime and nighttime. The crew Fiordland Navigator crew operated on a week-on/week-off swing with change-over days on Thursdays.

Switch: Mechanism enabling rail vehicles to move from one track to another

T

Tachometer indicator: The engine and rotor RPM indication are presented to the pilot as a percentage on a dual tachometer indicator located on the instrument panel. Under normal operating conditions both the engine and rotor indications are matched in the green arc from 101–104 per cent RPM.

TAF: Terminal Aerodrome Forecast

Tail boom: The tail boom extends out from the rear of the body of the helicopter.

Tailcone: The tailcone, commonly known as the tail boom, is a structural system that extends out of the helicopter’s fuselage. The tail rotor assembly and empennage are attached to the rear of the tailcone.

Tailpin: The connecting rod that joins the couplers drawbar to the chassis and holds the carriage’s spring-pack system together, which suppresses in-train movement forces when the train is moving.

Tally: Record of quantities of goods loaded or discharged

Tamper: A machine used to pack (tamp) the track ballast under railway tracks to make the tracks more level.

Tank Terminal: Facility for storage and transfer of liquid bulk products

Tapered monocoque: A structural system in which the outer skin carries all or a major part of the stresses, in a manner similar to an eggshell.

TAR: Track Access Request

Task Instruction: A Task Instruction is issued by KiwiRail and provides details of the requirements covering a specified topic. For example, the Level Crossing Alarms and Barrier Installations Task Instruction covers the testing, description, installation and maintenance requirements for level crossings.

Taxiing: Taxi means movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome or on water, excluding take-off and landing, but including, in the case of helicopters, operation over the surface of an aerodrome within a height band associated with ground effect and at speeds associated with air taxiing

Taxiway: Path for aircraft moving between runways and aprons

TBO escalation programme: A TBO escalation programme is a CAA-acceptable means of compliance, to extend engines beyond the manufacturer’s recommended overhaul limit.

TCD Manual: The Traffic Control Devices Manual, produced by Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency

Team leader: Crew member responsible for leading the hospitality services team.

Technical log: A running written record of daily flying hours and serviceability state.

Technical Standard Order: A minimum performance standard for specified materials, parts and appliances used on civil aircraft.

Temporary speed restriction: A temporary speed restriction reduces the speed limit on a track while track-related faults are waiting for repair or undergoing repair. Caution speed boards are placed next to the track, alerting a train driver 1.5 km ahead and allowing the crew to reduce the train’s speed before it reaches the known fault. This temporary speed restriction had been in place for a period of time before the weather event.

Temporary traffic management: Temporary protections put in place to protect road users from potentially hazardous or unusual situations such as roadworks or traffic accidents. Protections may be in the form of warning devices, high-visibility road cones and stop/go direction from road workers, as well as other methods.

Tender: A small vessel carried by a larger vessel, used to transport people and goods to and from a shore or another vessel

Territorial waters: The marine area within 12 nautical miles (NM) of the low-water mark.

Tetrahydrocannabinol: The principal psychoactive constituent found in cannabis.

TEU: Twenty-foot equivalent unit - a container size measure

TG: Tauranga Airport

TG: Tauranga Airport

The angle of bank: The angle at which a vehicle is inclined about its longitudinal axis with respect to the plane of its curved path.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO): A specialised agency of the United Nations that is the global standard-setting authority for the safety, security and environmental performance of international shipping.

The Noises: The Noises is a group of islands, rock stacks and reefs within the inner Hauraki Gulf Marine Park/Tīkapa Moana. The largest islands are Ōtata Island and Motuhoropapa Island.

The stabilised approach: The stabilised approach, based on aviation practices, has been developed by RSSB into the non-technical skills training as the Observe, Understand, Decide and Act model.

The standing orders: The rules that are posted by the vessel’s captain and/or the operator to be understood by each watchkeeper operating the vessel

Third Rail: Conductor rail supplying electric power to trains

Thread root: The bottom of the groove between the two flanking surfaces of the thread.

Threshold: The beginning of an airport runway on which an aircraft can attempt to land.

Throttle position: The locomotive’s power positions between idle and eight

Throughput: Amount of cargo or traffic handled over a period

Time lapse: Time-lapse digital images taken five minutes apart

Time-lapse camera: A camera system that captures still digital images at regular intervals, rather than as moving video.

Timetable: Published schedule of train or flight operations

Timetable software: The timetable software used was the Operational Management System (OMS), which provided information to the train controller such as train sizes and destinations. It was used for, among other things, scheduling and train routing decisions.

Tip-over landing: A landing where the basket does not remain upright, but tips over onto its side.

Top box: The top box is the sealed box located above the generator set where soundproof material covers the exhaust silencer.

Torsional: Twisting of the shaft caused by an applied force.

Torsional damage: Twisting of the shaft caused by applied force, in this case rotation of the tail rotor drive.

Touch-and-go: Touch-and-go is a landing followed immediately by a take-off

Towage: Service of assisting a vessel by towing or pushing

Tower: Tower provides the air traffic control service for the area on and in the immediate vicinity of the aerodrome.

Track Circuit: Electrical circuit used to detect train occupancy of a track section

Track circuitry: An electrical circuit where current is carried through the rails and used to detect the absence of trains.

Track formation: The track formation is the supporting material used under and around rail sleepers; it supports the track and includes the lower supporting compacted materials used in construction.

Track inspection: A track inspection is undertaken by a certified rail person, who conducts inspections of the track and structures within the rail corridor.

Track machines: Specialised machines capable of travelling on a railway to conduct track maintenance.

Track meterage: Each rail line is identified by track meterage starting from a 0.000 km location and is set out in half-kilometer and full-kilometer sections until the end of the line. 17 A rail employee who controls rail vehicle movements.

Track metrage sign: Trackside signage indicating the track meterage.

Track relays: Electrical device used in railway signalling systems to detect the presence of trains on a section of track.

Track time: Track time is the time allocated by train control for track workers to take possession of a section of track to conduct maintenance or repair work. Train control provides track workers with protection from rail traffic for the duration of that time.

Track warrant territory: An area operating on verbal and written instructions from train control indicating limits of authority, as opposed to following red or green trackside signals.

Track worker: A person who is part of an infrastructure team carrying out maintenance and repair of the railway track.

Track workers: Competent workers whose primary duties are associated with work on or around infrastructure in the rail corridor.

Traffic Management Plan: A method of controlling vehicles and people within an area of unusual activity such as roadworks or major events

Train control: The centre from where the movement of all rail vehicles and track access in a specified area are brought under the direction of a Train Controller

Train control diagram: A document that records all information about activity on the relevant railway line over a 24-hour period. Train controllers annotate the diagram in real time to show activities such as train movements, track occupations, track faults, temporary speed restrictions, weather events, and any other pertinent information that arises.

Train control protections: Train control established protection by holding signals providing entry into the area at red (stop). This prevented rail traffic from entering the same area as the HRVs.

Train controller: A person qualified to authorise rail movements and track access. Train controllers operate in a train control centre.

Train Management System (TMS): The onboard computer data system that is connected through each carriage and into the locomotive.

Train manager: Train managers are responsible for rail passenger comfort and safety. They manage passenger loading and unloading, provide passengers with information and may issue tickets, handle money and operate emergency equipment. They are supported by the train attendants in this function.

Train Manager (TM): Manages the train’s operational requirements for the journey.

Train simulation: A locomotive cab controls console, connected to a computer system, to simulate the train’s movements along the train and to record the inputs from the LE.

Train stop trip: A piece of equipment fitted to some passenger trains that activates emergency braking if the train passes certain signals at stop. Because of its design, the equipment can also be activated by an obstruction on the trackside, such as a build-up of vegetation or rock debris.

Train stop trip lever: The lever that activates the train stop trip

Trainee locomotive engineer: A locomotive engineer undergoing on-job training prior to certification.

Transdev Wellington: Transdev Wellington is the operator of Wellington’s Metlink rail network.

Transit Shed: Port warehouse for short-term storage of cargo

Tranz Rail: Tranz Rail was the main rail operator in New Zealand from 1991 until it was purchased by Toll Holdings in 2003.

Tranzlog: The train’s ’black box’ data recorder.

Tranzlog data recording system: Records and stores operational data from the locomotive and connecting carriages.

Trawl warp: A synthetic rope used to haul in trawl fishing nets

Trawling: Towing the net to catch fish

Trigger Action Response Plan (TARP): A trigger action response plan (TARP) outlines the process to be followed if an occurrence happens.

Triggered Action Response Plan: A plan used to give guidance on responding and acting or following tested procedures in an event

TS90: KiwiRail Job Plan Book

TSB: Transportation Safety Board of Canada

TSR: Temporary Speed Restriction

TST levers: A lever connected to Transdev trains that is activated when it comes into contact with an obstruction and, in turn, activates the train’s braking system. It was designed to interact with equipment at selected signal locations to mitigate trains running past signals at stop.

Turnout: Assembly of rails allowing trains to diverge from a track

TWACS: A computer-based system used by train controllers to prepare and issue track warrants safely. It does so by checking against previous prepares, issues and cancellations to ensure that conflicts do not exist.

TWC: Track Warrant Control

Type 401 lifejackets: Designed to keep the wearer in a face up position while in the water.

Type Certificate: A Type Certificate is issued by a Regulatory Authority and signifies the airworthiness of a particular category of aircraft, according to its manufacturing design.

U

UAS: Unmanned Aircraft System, another name for a drone

UAV: Unmanned aerial vehicle

UAVNZ: The UAV (drone) division of the Aviation Industry Association of New Zealand.

UK: United Kingdom

UMS: Unattended Machinery Space

UNCLOS: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Under-keel Clearance: Minimum distance between the keel and seabed

Underway: When underway, a vessel is no longer secured to a wharf, a seabed or any other stationary object.

UNICOM: UNICOM Service means a ground radio communications service in the aeronautical mobile service providing local aerodrome information for the facilitation of aviation, and, for the avoidance of doubt, a UNICOM service is not an air traffic service (see CAR 1 Definitions and Abbreviations; for further information see Appendix 3).

Unshielded operation: A shielded operation (or shielded flight) is one in which a drone remains within 100 m of, and below the top of, a natural or man-made object: for example, trees, a building or tower. When flying shielded it is permissible to fly at night and also to fly within controlled airspace without Air Traffic Control clearance. This is because other aircraft are unlikely to be flying so low and close to structures.

UP direction: Trains running towards Otiria in the North Island and towards Picton in the South Island are travelling in the UP direction

Up main line: A portion of rail track on a multiline rail network on which trains are run in the up direction.

UPS: Uninterruptable power supply

Upwind leg: A flight path parallel to the landing runway in the direction of landing.

UTC: Universal Time Coordinated

V

VAI: The trade association for the global civil vertical-aviation industry; formerly the Helicopter Association International (HAI), it changed its name to reflect the growth of non-helicopter vertical aviation, including drones.

VAI: Vertical Aviation International

Veer-off: An aircraft departs the side of a runway

VEMD: Vehicle and Engine Multifunction Display

Vent line: A line, normally coloured red and white, used to open a vent at the top of an envelope and increase the rate of descent.

Vessel's flag state: The country where a ship is registered.

Vessel's trail: A residual radar image that represents a vessel’s past track over a user-defined period of time.

Vessels of opportunity: Nearby commercial and recreational vessels used to assist with a response.

VFR: Visual flight rules

VHF: Very high frequency

Virtual aid to navigation: A virtual aid to navigation is a navigational feature or hazard that is displayed on a vessel’s chart plotter, AIS display or other receiving equipment within range.

Visible moisture: Cloud or freezing rain

Visual: A ‘visual’ call provides confirmation that: the pilot is able to maintain continuous visual reference with the terrain ahead: the visibility is equal to or greater than the minima prescribed for the approach; and the pilot is able to make a normal landing.

VOLMET: An aviation weather forecast service for selected airfields, transmitted over a five-minute interval every 30 minutes on specified high-frequency radio channels (AIP GEN 3.5, p. 30).

Voyage charter: When a vessel and crew are hired for a voyage carrying a specified cargo between a load port and a discharge port

VRS: Vortex Ring State

VTS: Vessel Traffic Service providing navigational assistance and monitoring

W

Wagon: A wagon is a rail vehicle that moves freight on the rail network.

Warning devices: Devices that control vehicular and/or pedestrian traffic at level crossings using flashing lights, bells, barrier arms, gates or a combination of these devices.

Warp: A synthetic rope used to haul in a trawl fishing net.

Warping drum: Devices that provide power to haul on a rope or cable.

Watchkeeping alarm: An automated alarm designed to monitor the alertness of watchkeepers, while the ship is underway.

Water ingress: When water makes its way into the boat through a leak or crack

Watertight: Capable of preventing the passage of water in any direction under the head of water likely to occur.

Wav: Wav stands for waveform audio file, which is an audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on personal computers

Wave period: The time it takes two successive wave crests to pass a specified point.

Wave spotter buoy: A drifting waverider buoy.

Wave trains: A group of progressing waves of about the same wavelength moving in the same direction at about the same speed.

Wavelength: The distance from the trough in front of the wave and the trough behind the wave.

Waverider buoy: A buoy fitted with instruments that precisely measure directional waves for direction, heights, periods and energy data.

Waypoint: A specified point on a chart for a planned passage

Weather minima: The specified limits in visibility and cloud base used to assess against forecasted visibility and cloud base.

Weather Risk Matrix: In the Weather Risk Matrix, the four colour codes are Green – no impact, Yellow – minimal impact, Amber – high to very high impact, and Red – widespread impacts across the network.

Wet winching: Retrieval of people from water.

WETA system: Work Entry Train Alert system

WF: Wanaka

WH: Wellington Hospital

Wharf: Quayside structure where ships may load or unload

Wheelhouse: Enclosed area on a ship from which it is steered

Wind backs: When wind backs, the direction moves anti-clockwise. It veers when moving clockwise.

Wind shadow: A space downwind of an obstacle where the wind flow is affected by the obstacle.

WN: Wellington Airport

Worksite: An area with defined limits that is protected so that work can be undertaken.

WP: Whenuapai Airport Auckland

WU: Whanganui

Y

Yard: Complex of railway tracks for sorting assembling and storing trains

Yaw: A rotation of a helicopter around its vertical axis, either left or right in direction.

Yawing: Yawing or yaw is movement of an aircraft about its vertical axis. In effect, for a single rotor helicopter it rotates below the main rotor.

Z

Zero Harm: KiwiRail’s health, safety and environment department