Witnesses to the recent Black Cat cruise boat accident after it grounded just outside the Akaroa Heads are urged to submit a statement to TAIC immediately.
‘g’ is the acceleration due to gravity. An object at rest is subject to 1 g. An object accelerated at twice the force of gravity, or 2 g, will appear to weigh twice as much
'Pan Pan' call
A ‘Pan Pan’ call indicates a state of urgency but no immediate danger to life or aircraft.
1
1000 ft
1000 ft is the ‘stable gate’, when specified criteria need to be met in order to continue the approach. This includes aircraft configuration, target airspeed and rate of descent.
111
111 is the telephone number to reach emergency services in New Zealand.
A
A Box
Informal local name for the manually operated electro-mechanical signalbox controlling signals and points between Wellington Railway Station and Ngāūranga. Also known as the Wellington Signalbox
A-Box signaller
The signaller in A-Box, who is remote from the centralised national train control centre, is responsible for managing all track occupations and train movements within Wellington Station limits.
AA
Auckland Airport
AAR
American Association of Railroads
Abeam
At right angles to the helicopter’s line of flight.
Abilities
Abilities are inherent or inherited characteristics that enable a person to accomplish or perform a given action.
Able Seafarers Deck
A crew member who can perform the functions and duties of a deck crew member on ships
Able-bodied seafarers (ABs)
Experienced seafarers competent to perform the usual and customary duties on deck.
Absolute rating (of a filter)
Diameter of the largest spherical particle which will pass through a fluid filter under laboratory conditions
Absorbent booms
A selective absorbent that soaks up oil, but not water.
ACARS
ACARS is a digital datalink system used in most airline aircraft for the transmission of short messages and allows communication between airline and aircraft and for flight crew to obtain printouts of weather forecasts.
ACAS
Airborne collision avoidance system
Accident
An event that resulted in damage or injuries.
Accommodation ladder
A point of access to a ship’s deck for shore personnel, accommodation ladders are rigged in the fore and aft direction of the ship and face astern
Accredited representative
The International Civil Aviation Organization Convention, Annex 13, details a framework that allows Accredited Representatives to be appointed from other Accident Investigation Authorities overseas to support an Accident Investigation Authority’s investigation.
Accumulator
A pressure storage reservoir in which a non-compressible hydraulic fluid is held under pressure by an external source, in this case nitrogen
Acronis
Alarm and control integrated system
Acrylic
A general-purpose plastic, often known by the brand names Perspex or Lucite. Its chemical name is poly methyl methacrylate or PMMA.
Active duty
The Operations Manual Part A 10.4.1 defines Active Duty as ‘The period of time commencing when a flight crew member reports to the departure airfield and ceases when post-flight responsibilities are complete’.
Active protection
Active protection includes all level crossing warning devices that are activated by an approaching train, including flashing lights, bells and barriers. It is contrasted with passive protection, which warns users of level crossings but does not alter this warning when trains are approaching.
Active protection (rail)
Includes all level crossing warning devices that are activated by an approaching train, including flashing lights, bells and barriers. It is contrasted by passive protection, which warns users of a level crossing, but does not alter this warning when a train is approaching.
Additive
A variety of wetting agents or other fire-retardant additives could be mixed with the water to increase the fire-suppression effectivity of the water.
ADH-F
Advanced Deckhand – Fishing
ADS-B
ADS-B data rounds altitude read-outs to 100 ft and therefore cannot give accurate detail on the vertical separation of the two aircraft in this incident. However, the data does allow identification of each aircraft and accurate measurement of lateral separation.
Advanced speed indicator
A numeric indicator illuminated (flashing) to advise the speed in kilometres per hour that the train must not exceed at the next signal in advance.
Advisory Circular
Advisory circulars are guidance documents and not regulatory requirements
Advisory circulars
CAA advisory circulars contain guidance on standards, practices and procedures that the Director has found to be acceptable means of compliance with the associated rules and legislation.
AEP
Accredited Employers Programme
Aerodrome
Any defined area of land or water intended or designed to be used either wholly or partly for the landing, departure and surface movement of aircraft (CARs Part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations)
Aeronautical information
AIPNZ meets part of New Zealand’s ICAO obligations to have an aeronautical information service
Aeronautical study
This is an engineering and operational study of an aerodrome
that, in general terms, assesses the safety of aerodrome operations, the effects the aerodrome design or use has on the safe and efficient use of the aerodrome by aircraft, and on the safety of persons and property on the ground.
A holder of an aerodrome operator certificate under Part 139, must monitor operations and conduct an aeronautical study for any significant change or significant changes that may affect operations at that aerodrome. The Director of CAA may also require an operator to conduct an aeronautical study to consider a specific scope of interest.
Aeronautical telecommunications network equipment
A digital data network that facilitates ground-to-ground and ground-to-air communications
Aeropath
An independent company, wholly owned by Airways, that provides the NZ Aeronautical Information Publication (NZAIP).
Aerotowed
Powered aeroplane tows the glider with a rope attached to specially designed towing hooks.
Aft
At, near or towards the stern of a vessel
Aft mooring deck
The rear end of the ship where mooring equipment is located.
AGL
Above ground level
Aground
When a ship or a boat is touching the seabed and is unable to move
AIAL
Auckland International Airport Limited
Aileron
A controllable hinged surface on the trailing edge of a wing, used to roll an aircraft around the longitudinal, or fore and aft axis.
AIP
Aeronautical Information Publication
AIPNZ
Aeronautical Information Publication New Zealand
Air brakes
The system used to apply the train’s brakes to the rail vehicles’ wheels; the system is checked for air-pressure leaks before departing onto the rail network
Air Desk
The national Air Desk is a coordination and tasking function, operated by Hato Hone St John, that provides oversight, dispatch and clinical support functions to air ambulance services.
Air proximity
A situation in which, in the opinion of a pilot or air traffic services
personnel, the distance between aircraft as well as their relative
positions and speed have been such that the safety of the aircraft
involved may have been compromised. (ICAO Doc 4444: PANS-ATM).
There are 4 available classification categories:
A. Risk of collision
B. Safety not assured
C. No risk of collision
D. Risk not determined
Air taxiing
Air taxiing: movement of a helicopter/VTOL above the surface of an aerodrome, normally in ground effect and at a ground speed normally less than 37 km/h (20 kt).
Note: The actual height may vary, and some helicopters may require air-taxiing above 8 m (25 ft) AGL to reduce ground effect turbulence or provide clearance for cargo sling loads.
Air traffic movement
A take-off or a landing
Air Waybill
Non-negotiable document issued by an air carrier acknowledging receipt of goods and transport terms
Aircraft operating minima
Specified limits used to assess cloud base and visibility against reported actual cloud base and visibility when conducting an approach.
Airmanship
Airmanship is the consistent use of good judgement and well-developed skills to accomplish flight objectives and demonstration of a high state of situational awareness.
Airside
Secured part of an airport beyond passenger screening
Airspace
Three-dimensional portion of the atmosphere controlled for aviation operations
Airworthiness
A formal and periodic review of an aircraft and its records that is required for the aircraft to remain airworthy.
Airworthiness directives
A mandatory airworthiness requirement that specifies modifications, inspections, conditions or limitations to be applied to an aircraft or aeronautical product to ensure continued safe operating conditions.
AIS
Automatic Identification System transmitting vessel identity and position
ALAIRP
As low as is reasonably practicable
ALCAM
Australian Level Crossing Assessment Model
All-up weight
The total weight of an aircraft with fuel, crew and payload on board.
Allision
An accident between a vessel and a stationary object.
Alternate aerodrome
An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or land at the aerodrome of intended landing; Civil Aviation Rule (CAR) Part 1.
Altimetry
Altimeters are used to display an aircraft’s vertical location above the earth’s surface. A barometric altimeter measures distance from sea level using air pressure, which decreases as altitude increases and vice versa. As air pressure differs across geographic regions, and as temperature changes, the pilot must set the local barometric pressure (corrected to sea level) for the displayed altitude to be accurate. If this does not occur, then the barometric altimeter will either over- or under-read.
A radio (or radar) altimeter does not rely on air pressure; it measures the height of an aircraft above the ground by timing how long it takes a beam of radio waves to travel to the ground and reflect up to the aircraft’s receiver as shown below (sourced from internet).
Altitude
Above mean sea level
Altitude rounding
ADS-B altitude data is rounded up or down to the nearest 100 ft when it is recorded, so two aircraft that are separated by 100 feet vertically could show the same altitude in their ADS-B data.
Aluminium ferrule
A circular clamp used to hold together and attach fibres, wires or ropes, generally by crimping, swaging or otherwise deforming the ferrule to tighten it permanently onto the parts that it holds.
AM Class
A designated class of train for the Auckland Metro system, manufactured by Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles.
Amidships
In the middle of a vessel, either longitudinally or laterally.
AMSL
Above mean sea level
An adequate aerodrome
An adequate aerodrome is one where the aircraft landing distance performance requirements at the expected landing weight can be met and appropriate aerodrome rescue and fire-fighting services are available, and there is at least one authorised instrument approach procedure. An adequate aerodrome becomes suitable when the weather minimum for the required type of use has been met; Airwork OCC Manual, 4.2 and 4.3.
Anchor
A heavy device (normally steel) designed as to grip the seabed to hold a vessel in a desired position.
Anchor pulpit
A protrusion at the bow of a boat designed for securing an anchor.
Anchor windglass
A machine used to let out and heave up an anchor.
Anchor windlasses
Horizontally mounted mechanical winches used for anchoring operations.
Anchorage
Designated area where ships may anchor safely
Anemometer
A device that measures wind speed and direction.
ANSV
National Agency for the Safety of Flight, Italy (Agenzia Nazional per la Sicurezza de Volo)
Anti-creep
A mechanism used in automatic knuckle couplers to limit creep at a level below the threshold for knuckle opening.
AOR
Auckland One Rail
APAPI
Abbreviated precision approach path indicator
Approach controller
The air traffic control position responsible for flights arriving at a terminal area
Approach sequence
The order a controller arranges aircraft to approach to land at an airport. The sequence helps provide adequate time and distance between each aircraft until they have landed and cleared from the runway.
Apron
Aircraft parking and service area at an aerodrome.
The local name for the general aviation (GA) manoeuvring area, defined as an area on a land aerodrome intended to accommodate aircraft for the purpose of loading or unloading passengers or cargo, refuelling, parking, or maintenance (Civil Aviation Rules Part 1).
APU
Auxiliary Power Unit
AR
Ardmore Airport (Auckland)
AR
Ardmore Airport (Auckland)
ARC
aviation related concern
ARHT
Auckland Rescue Helicopter Trust
Arm position
The arm position enables the ELT to activate automatically upon aircraft impact with the ground if the forces exceed the activation threshold.
Aspect
The aspect of a signal is the visual appearance of a lit signal.
Astern
Referring to a vessel’s engine moving the vessel in reverse
ATA
Actual Time of Arrival of a vehicle or vessel
ATC
Air Traffic Control service to prevent collisions and organise traffic
ATD
Actual Time of Departure of a vehicle or vessel
Athwartship
Across the vessel, side to side.
ATMC
The building that contains aeronautical telecommunications network equipment and sector air traffic controllers
Atmospheric pressure
The pressure at sea level for the area.
ATO
Automatic Train Operation system automating train driving
ATP
Automatic Train Protection system enforcing safety limits
ATPL
Airline Transport Pilot Licence
ATSB
Australian Transport Safety Bureau
Attitude
The orientation of an aircraft relative to the horizon.
Auckland Electrified Area
The Auckland Electrified Area refers to the sections of Auckland’s suburban rail network that have been electrified to support electric train services.
Authorised service provider
A person or company that has received approval to service or carry out work on a specified piece of equipment
Auto-inflating life jacket
Designed to automatically inflate within seconds of being immersed in water.
Autoland
A system incorporating autopilot, autothrust and radio altimeters to fully automate the landing phase with the flight crew supervising the process.
A landing using the autopilot, with the pilot in the left seat taking over directional control during the landing roll (when the aircraft touches down, is brought down to taxi speed and eventually comes to a complete stop).
Automatic Activation Device (AAD)
A safety backup device fitted inside a parachute container that monitors the parachutist’s height above ground and descent rate and that will automatically deploy the reserve parachute if specific conditions are exceeded.
Automatic couplers
Devices used to connect wagons for haulage purposes.
Automatic emergency alert system
An automatic alert system that uses the train’s radio system to send a call to train control automatically when the train’s brake is moved into the emergency position or a rapid loss of air to the braking system occurs
Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
A continuous broadcast of aerodrome information, including such items as expected type of approach, runway in use, runway condition (dry, wet or contaminated), surface wind, visibility, cloud, temperature, dew point, local pressure and the reported or forecast wind at 2000 ft.
Automatic twist locks
Automatic twist locks automatically lock when containers are placed on top of one another and unlock without stevedoring intervention when the containers are lifted.
Autorotation
Autorotation, also known as an autorotational descent, is a power-off manoeuvre in which the engine is disengaged from the main rotor system and the main rotor blades are driven solely by the upward flow of air through the main rotor.
Autorotative landig
A process whereby an unpowered rotor system produces lift by inducing an airflow up through the main rotor blades as the helicopter descends.
Auxiliary generator wagon
The purpose of an auxiliary generator wagon is to provide electrical power for ancillary services on passenger trains from a diesel-fuelled generator set. An auxiliary generator wagon can also be referred to as a generator/ luggage van.
Aviation related concern
A voluntary reporting of aviation matters that are not accidents or incidents
Aviation Safety Reporting System
The Aviation Safety Reporting System database is a collection of voluntarily submitted aviation safety incident/situation reports from pilots, controllers and others in the US aviation community.
Aweigh
When the anchor is clear of the seabed, meaning the ship is officially under way.
AWIB
Aerodrome and Weather Information Broadcast
AWS
Automatic weather station
Axle Counter
Device that detects train presence by counting axles
Axle counters
A form of train-detection equipment provided in place of the conventional track circuitry.
B
BA
Breathing apparatus
Backing
Moving in an anti-clockwise direction.
Backing wind
A backing wind is a shift of wind direction in an anti-clockwise manner, for example from north to west.
Backtracking
Backtracking refers to the procedure where an aircraft taxies along an active runway in the direction opposite to that being used for takeoff or landing.
Bail off
Disembark as quickly as possible.
Balanced rudder
20–40% of the rudder blade is forward of the rudder stock
Balise
A balise is an electronic beacon or transponder placed between the rails of a railway as part of train control or a protection system.
Ballast
Crushed stone supporting and stabilizing railway sleepers
Ballast ploughing
Application of ballast to a track
Ballast Water
Water carried in ship tanks to improve stability
Balloon
A balloon includes an envelope, control lines, burners, a basket and other equipment fitted or required to be carried
Banker locomotives
Banker locomotives are additional locomotives used when required to assist trains up steep gradients.
Banner signals
Banner signals – sometimes referred to as banner repeaters or indicators – are provided on the approaches to certain signals, usually those that have restricted sighting due to the curvature of a line, building or tunnel on the approach, to give advance information of the signal aspects.
Bar
Unit of pressure – 1 bar is equal to 100 kilopascals (SI metric unit)
Bar watch
A monitoring service offered by the Royal New Zealand Coastguard (Coastguard). A vessel’s crew informs Coastguard that the vessel is about to cross the bar and Coastguard logs their intention. The two parties agree to a time period for the vessel to cross the bar. If, within that time period, the crew has not informed Coastguard that the vessel has safely crossed the bar, Coastguard begins its follow-up process, potentially leading to search and rescue procedures
Barely readable
“Barely readable” is an assessment on the legibility of a transmission
A radio call where the caller’s unique identifier is displayed on the train controller’s radio screen. Activated by a pushbutton on the caller’s radio unit
Base leg
A flight path at right angles to the landing runway off its approach end. The base leg extends from the downwind leg to the intersection of the extended runway centreline
Basic weight
Weight of the airframe and engines, fixed equipment and full oil tanks but not including fuel, passengers or baggage and cargo
Beam-on
Refers to waves coming at a right angle to the ship.
Beech
The aircraft was manufactured by Beech Aircraft Corporation and is nominated as Beech in ICAO documentation. However, sometimes Beech aircraft are referred to as Beechcraft, a subsequent branding from the same manufacturer.
Beneficial ship owner
A beneficial ship owner is the ultimate owning entity of a ship or representative thereof (either individual, company, group or organisation) and is the entity that benefits from the rent and/or the sale of the ship.
Berth
Designated location in a port where a vessel docks
Berthing Plan
Schedule and allocation of berths for arriving vessels
BFR
Biennial Flight Review
BFU
The BFU is the state organisation responsible for the investigation of accidents and serious incidents within Germany. Germany was the state of manufacture for the aeroplane and engines.
Bilge
The compartment at the bottom of the hull of a ship where water collects so that it may be pumped out of the ship at a later time.
Bilge keel
Either of two keel-like projections extending lengthwise along a vessel’s bilge, one on each side, to retard rolling.
Bill of Lading
Negotiable sea transport document acknowledging receipt and contract of carriage
Bird strike
Bird strikes involving collisions with multiple birds are much more likely to cause serious risk or harm to the aircraft.
Bitts
Paired vertical steel posts mounted on board a ship, used to secure mooring lines
Blackout
A sudden total loss of electrical power on the ship.
Bladder fuel tank
A fuel tank with a flexible bladder in an aluminium enclosure that has the ability to change shape without splitting open and spilling its flammable content
Blade flapping
(In the case of the Robinson main rotor system) the vertical movement of a blade about the coning and teeter bolts perpendicular to the blade span.
Blind pilotage
The navigation of a vessel in confined waters in low or restricted visibility, with little or no recourse to the visual observation of objects outside the vessel
Block
Section of railway track with movement authority for a single train at a time
Blocking
The process of keeping signals and/or points tagged or collared to prevent a train entering a section of track that the blocking is protecting
Blood alcohol limit
Based on the legal limit for drivers 20 years and over, which is 50 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood.
Blue fit test
During a blue fit test, the tapered surface of the pintle is coated in a blue fluid. The pintle is then hydraulically inserted into the taper of the lower casting, then removed. The amount of fluid transferred to the surface of the taper in the lower casting shows the percentage of surface contact between the two items.
Bluing
Bluing is a discolouration of metal that usually indicates exposure to excessive heat.
Boatswain
The foreman of a deck crew
Bogie
A metal frame equipped with two wheelsets and able to rotate freely in plan, used in pairs under a wagon body to improve ride quality and better distribute forces to the trac
BOL
Block of Line
Bonding wires
Used to create an electrical connection between two or more conductive parts. They are commonly used in grounding, electrical enclosures and electronic components.
Boot-topping
Band of hard-wearing paint between the above-water hull and the antifouling paint below the average waterline.
Bosun
Abbreviated version of boatswain: foreman or supervisor of the deck crew.
Bosun store
Workshop/storeroom central to deck operations and maintenance.
Boundary cool
A firefighting method where the areas surrounding a burning compartment are cooled with water to remove heat and slow the spread of fire.
Boundary cooling
The use of water to cool the outside of a burning structure and restrict the spread of a fire.
Bow
The front of a vessel
Bow thruster
A lateral propulsion device installed near the front of the vessel used for manoeuvring at slow speed.
Brake application
A full brake application in the normal operating mode, without using the emergency position.
Brake handle
The brake system for locomotives only, not the whole train; the LE can apply or remove the brakes to their locomotive or other paired locomotives that are configured together.
Brake pipe
A continuous air volume throughout a train, comprising of pipe and hose sections and connected to brake control valves in each of the train’s vehicles. It functions to both supply the necessary energy for braking and to convey braking control commands from the driving cab to all vehicles throughout the train. Brake pipe control works on a principle where a reduction in brake pipe pressure commands an application of braking effort.
Brakes
The front locomotive’s pairing configuration allowed locomotive three to have its brakes operate along with the train’s carriages as it was not required to be paired like the others attached to the front of the train.
Branch lines
A railway line that runs off a main line and generally carries fewer trains.
Breakbulk
Cargo shipped as individual pieces rather than in containers
Breakbulk cargo
Breakbulk refers to cargo that is transported in individual units as opposed to standard shipping containers.
Breakwater
Structure protecting a harbour from waves
Bridge
The place on a ship from which the vessel is normally controlled
Bridge Resource Management
Teamwork and communication practices on a ship's bridge
Bridge wing
The parts of the navigating bridge on both sides of a vessel’s wheelhouse that, in general, extend to the vessel’s side.
Brinel
Bearing brinelling is permanent damage to the bearing raceways, caused by contact forces that exceed the material limit.
Brittle fracture
The sudden or rapid fracture of a component under stress without undergoing any noticeable permanent deformation.
Brittle overload
The sudden fracture of a material when stresses exceed its load-bearing capacity.
BRM
Bridge resource management
Broach
When a vessel is forced side-on to the waves.
Broadcast storm
A broadcast storm occurs when a network system is overwhelmed by continuous multicast or broadcast traffic.
Broken cloud
Five- to seven-eighths’ cloud cover
Bucket control head
An assembly containing an arrangement of electrical and pneumatic controls associated with the functioning of the bucket.
Buff compression force
The inward force applied to the carriage-coupler connection
Buff loading
Where couplers experience a compressive force as rail vehicles are pushed together.
Bulk Cargo
Cargo in large quantities unpackaged such as grain ore or coal
Bulk carrier
A ship designed to carry loose cargo such as grains, coal and logs.
Bulkhead
Nautical term for a wall
Bulkheads
Vertical partitions in a vessel that divide the interior into compartments.
Bulldog grips
A bulldog grip is a device used to clamp two pieces or sections of wire together.
Bulwarks
Solid handrails.
Bunkering
Filling the fuel tanks of a ship
Burst pressure test
A type of destructive pressure test that is used to determine the absolute maximum pressure at which a given component will burst or fail
Bushing
A cylindrical sleeve that facilitates rotational movement between two parts.
BVLoS
Beyond visual line of sight
Bypass the alarms
A method of connecting electrical circuits directly to the power source by diverting around (bypassing) potentially faulty equipment. This allows the rest of the circuit to continue operating normally. It is used by signals technicians in emergency situations or for fault-finding.
C
CAA
Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand
CAAP
Civil Aviation Advisory Publication (Australia)
Cab
The air traffic control room on top of a control tower
Cabin attendant
The normal positions are rear and forward cabin attendants, with the rear cabin attendant having overall responsibility for managing the cabin.
Cabin Baggage
Hand luggage carried by air passengers
Cant
The height of one rail above another rail. Also known as ‘cross level’
Cant deficiency
Cant is the designed amount that one rail is raised above the other on a curve. Cant deficiency is the theoretical amount the high rail must be raised to restore equilibrium for a train travelling at speed on a curve with a given cant.
CAO
Civil Aviation Order (Australia)
Capsize
Vessel overturned in the water
Carburettor
A carburettor is a component used in a combustion engine to control and mix air and fuel entering the engine cylinders. The carburettor’s throttle valve, known as the butterfly valve, regulates the flow of the air/fuel mixture entering the engine cylinders.
Cargo Manifold
Shipboard piping assembly for loading and discharging liquid cargoes
Cargo stoppers
Cargo-lashing devices consisting of steel plates welded to the deck to prevent cargo sliding and tipping. Additional pieces of steel can be welded to these plates to prevent the vertical movement of cargo.
Cargo superintendent
A shore-based worker engaged by a cargo owner to assist with managing cargo unloading. They inspect the cargo prior to discharge and after landing, and liaise with all relevant onshore and offshore departments.
Carley float
A rigid raft which in the event of having to abandon a vessel provides buoyancy for survivors
Carline
Fore and aft beam that provides an attachment between the hull and the sides of cabins, hatches and cockpits on a boat.
Carriage
A rail vehicle that conveys passengers.
Carriage-coupler system
The connection between two carriages or rail vehicles.
CARs
Civil Aviation Rules
CASA
Civil Aviation Safety Authority (Australia)
Castings
Castings are blocks of cast steel positioned on each of the 8 corners of a shipping container. Each casting has three holes to allow twist locks to be fitted so containers can be connected vertically or horizontally. See Glossary for a photo.
Catch sensors
Electronic transmitters fitted to the top of the cod end of the net (where the fish are caught) that monitor the amount of catch and warn when the cod end is full
Category Zone of Confidence (CATZOC)
A symbol used in electronic chart display and information systems (ECDISs) for displaying the accuracy of the underlying data for a displayed chart (see Appendix 1)
Catenary
Overhead wire system supplying electric traction power
CCC
Christchurch City Council
CCTV
Closed-circuit television
Ceiling (aviation)
The ceiling is the height above the surface of the base of the lowest layer of cloud covering more than half the sky.
Centre of gravity
The centre of gravity is the single point in an object through which the weight (force of gravity) can be considered to act.
Centreline
An imaginary line running from forward to aft in the middle of a vessel
Certificate of airworthiness
A certificate (also called ‘airworthiness certificate’) issued by the regulator declaring that the aircraft meets the airworthiness requirements.
Certificate of fitness
A certificate of roadworthiness issued once a vehicle passes a safety inspection conducted by a certified inspection agency.
Certificate of release to service
A certification statement by a licensed aircraft maintenance engineer that maintenance has been performed in accordance with Civil Aviation Rules.
Certificates (gliding)
Glider pilot certificates of gliding achievement or training, such as the A and B certificates and the Qualified Glider Pilot Certificate, issued by GNZ under delegated authority from the CAA
CFI
Chief flying instructor
CFIT
An airworthy aircraft under the complete control of a pilot is inadvertently flown into terrain, water or an obstacle.
CH
Christchurch Airport
Challenge-respond techniques
Methods of verifying with the other party that information being presented is correct if errors are suspected.
Channel 16
Channel 16 is the international distress and calling channel for VHF.
Channel 65
Stewart Island Marine Radio ZLRZ
Chart datum
The level of water that charted depths displayed on a nautical chart are measured from
Chart plotter
A chart plotter is a navigational device that uses electronic charts to display navigational information.
Charter Party
Contract between shipowner and charterer for vessel use
Chassis
The steel structure that supports the wheels and suspension systems and above carriage structure.
Check-in monitoring system
A recommended, but not compulsory, safety measure whereby a vessel’s skipper makes a radio report to Coastguard before and after crossing a coastal bar. If Coastguard is unable to confirm that the vessel has crossed the bar safely, search and rescue procedures are initiated.
Cheek plates
Plates on each side of the sheave, to prevent the wire from coming off the sheave
Chief Integrated Rating (CIR)
A boatswain, also known as a petty officer on a merchant ship, who controls the work of other seamen
Chief officer
Deck officer next in rank below master, head of the deck department; also known as the first officer.
Chilly bin
A colloquial term for an insulated food container.
Chord (parachute)
The straight line distance from the leading edge of an aerofoil to the trailing edge
Chord length
The straight line joining the centres of the leading and trailing edges of a blade.
Chord transition
The chord length increases, from 10 to 10.7 inches (25.4 to 27 centimetres), outboard of a point at approximately 120 inches (304 centimetres) from the centreline of the main rotor driveshaft.
Chord(wise)
The distance from the centre of the radius of a leading edge to the centre of the radius of a trailing edge of a wing or blade
Chordwise
From the leading edge to the trailing edge
CIMS
Coordinated Incident Management System
Circadian rhythm
The circadian rhythm is a well-recognised physiological phenomenon. The time that an accident occurs is commonly analysed as part of investigative processes. (NTSB, 2006; TSB, 2014)
Circuit booking
A local system where training aircraft were booked to conduct circuit training in half-hour slots
Circuit breaker
An electrical safety device designed to protect an electrical circuit from an overcurrent or short circuit.
Circuits
The specified path to be flown by aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aerodrome
Class 5 licence
Driver licence for heavy combination vehicles (truck and trailer) with gross combined weights over 25 thousand kilograms. See www.nzta.govt.nz/driver-licences/getting-a-licence/licences-by-vehicle-type/what-you-can-drive.
Class C airspace
In Class C airspace, visual flight rules (VFR) flights are separated from instrument flight rules (IFR) flights and receive traffic information in respect of other VFR flights.
Class G airspace
Under the International Civil Aviation Organization agreement and the New Zealand CARs, airspace is classified into seven classes, A to G. Classes A to F relate to various categories of controlled airspace, while class G is uncontrolled airspace.
Classification society
A maritime society that sets technical rules based on experience and research, confirms that designs and calculations meet these rules, surveys ships and structures during the process of construction and commissioning, and periodically surveys vessels to ensure they continue to meet the rules.
Clean burn
An effect created when a fire is of sufficient intensity to remove the coating created by the smoke plume, exposing the substrate underneath, in this case the steel bulkhead of the hold.
Clear away
Remove lashings and disengage windlass gears so that the anchors are ready to be let go by opening the brakes. A windlass is a horizontally mounted mechanical winch used for anchoring operations.
Clevedon
Clevedon and Drury are designated visual reporting points for aircraft flying into Ardmore, to achieve geographical separation for inbound and outbound aircraft.
Clevis fastener
A clevis fastener is a U-shaped fastener that has holes at the end of the prongs to accept the clevis pin. It is screwed onto the ends of the latch block connecting rods.
Cloud cover
Cloud cover is measured in okta, a unit representing 1/8 of the sky. Cloud cover is estimated in terms of how many eighths of the sky are covered in cloud, ranging from 0 to 8 oktas. Scattered is 3–4 okta, broken 5–7 okta.
Clutch shaft aft yoke
The clutch shaft aft yoke connects to the intermediate flex plate.
CO2
Carbon dioxide
Coaching for Competency
The Coaching for Competency training course is designed to equip ‘On-the-Job’ coaches, trainers, minders, verifiers, buddies and approved persons with the skills and knowledge required to be effective trainers who can design and deliver activities to support On-the-Job Training and collect information for assessments.
Coast
Movement when no power or braking is applied and the train is allowed to continue under its own momentum.
Coastal state
The country that holds jurisdiction over the territorial waters concerned.
Coasted
If a connection with an aircraft is lost, the ADS-B system calculates the likely position of the aircraft, based on its previous position, altitude and speed, and labels it as ‘coasted’ rather than received data for the purpose of predicting the location of the aircraft until a connection is re-established.
Cod end
The end of the net where the fish are caught, normally has an easy slip rope to empty the net.
Code
The Code of Practice for Temporary Traffic Management (the best-practice guideline for temporary traffic management in New Zealand)
Coking
A process where oil heated to high temperatures in the absence of oxygen releases all the volatile components. A hard and strong high-carbon material named coke is left behind.
Collared vessel
A rigid-hulled vessel that has rigid alloy or inflatable buoyancy chambers around the periphery of the hull
Collective
One of the flight controls used by a helicopter pilot to ‘collectively’ adjust the pitch angle of all main rotor blades at the same time to alter the amount of thrust/lift being produced.
Collective lever
A flight control located on a pilot’s left side that alters the collective pitch of the main rotor blades, and therefore the rotor thrust generated.
Collective potentiometer
A device that measures the position of the collective lever and provides that information to the ECU to assist with computing power requirements
Collins Lanyard
A connection between risers to ensure that both are released together
Collision
An accident involving two vessels or vehicles
COLREGs
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions
Command
To have control of a ship and to be in charge
Commercial glider operation
A commercial glider operation is a flight for the carriage of passengers or goods for hire or reward.
Companionway
A set of steps leading from a vessel's deck down to a cabin or lower deck.
Competency Assessment Tests (rail)
For train drivers at Transdev Wellington include Driving Electric Multiple Units, Local Instructions, Crew Resource Management, Automatic Signalling, Defensive Driving, Electrification Awareness and Alertness Management.
Complex system
A complex system is one where multiple individual, but interrelated, components interact.
Complex systems
A system where multiple individual but interrelated components interact.
Composite sleepers
Beams placed at regular spaces at right angles to and under rails. Their purpose is to support the rails and ensure the correct gauge is maintained between the rails.
Compulsory stop boards
A set of boards protecting a worksite, at which all trains must stop and obtain permission from the worksite rail protection officer to pass
Compulsory stop boards (CSBs)
A set of boards that indicates the start and finish points of an individual worksite in a PWA.
Compulsory-stop board
A safe-working notice board inscribed ‘stop’ and/or displaying a red coloured symbol, at which all trains must stop and must not pass until authorised.
Compulsory-stop protection
A sequence of boards used to protect rail personnel and rail vehicles from entering a planned Protected Work Area
Con
To control or direct the steering of a vessel
Concession
A lease, licence, permit or easement granted under Section 2 of the Conservation Act 1987
Conduct of the ship
Directing the navigation and movement of the ship
Conduits
A tube or trough for protecting electric wiring
Cone
The angle formed by the upward sweep of rotor blades as a result of the lift being generated by the blades and the centrifugal force caused by the speed of rotation
Confined area
A ‘confined area’ is a site where the flightpath of a helicopter is limited by terrain and/or obstructions.
Confirmation bias
The tendency to interpret information in a way that affirms a prior belief or hypothesis.
Confused waves
A condition in which waves originate from different directions, which can create confusion when anticipating ship handling requirements.
Conn
Control of the speed and direction of a ship.
Consignment Note
Document for rail freight detailing the shipment and terms
Consist
A consist is the sequence of rail vehicles and locomotives that make up the whole train.
Conspicuity
The quality of being noticeable or easy to see
Constructive total loss
The damage to the vessel is extensive and the cost of salvage and repairs would exceed the insured value.
Container spreader
A rigid framed, four-point lifting device that connects the crane wire to the corner-castings of shipping containers. Used for loading and discharging shipping containers. The man-cage can be seen on the right.
Container transfer terminal
The location where workers transferred containers between road vehicles and rail wagons.
Containerisation
System of transporting goods in standardised containers
Continuous lines
Lines may run directly from the riser to the canopy as ‘continuous’ lines or as ‘cascade’ lines. A cascade line runs to a cascade knot, where it splits into two lines to the canopy.
Control areas
A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth
Control line
In the context of a balloon, a rope of a specific colour, depending on its purpose
Control Zone
A block of controlled airspace extending from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit. The upper limit of a control zone is usually the lower limit of a controlled area extending further upwards.
Controlled rest
Controlled rest is described in the Operations Manual Part A 10.13.4 and allows for an individual flight crew member to have a rest period of up to 30 minutes during a flight to improve levels of alertness.
Conventional helicopter
Consisting of a single main rotor and anti-torque tail rotor
CoPTTM
Code of Practice for Temporary Traffic Management - the best-practice guideline for temporary traffic management in New Zealand.
Cordwise
The direction from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the airfoil.
Corner casting
Block of cast steel positioned on the corner of a shipping container. Holes in the castings allow for twist locks to be fitted.
Correlate
A manual software association that an air traffic controller can make on their air traffic management system between an aircraft radar target and the aircraft’s electronic flight plan. The target only provides transponder information of identification code and altitude. Once correlated with the flight plan, the controller can see more information in the target’s data block, such as the route, the aircraft type and clearances.
Cospas-Sarsat
Cospas-Sarsat is an international satellite-based monitoring system that detects distress signals from emergency locator transmitters.
Cotter pins
A pin or wedge passing through a hole, used to fix parts tightly together.
Counter helm
An opposing rudder to stop a vessel’s swing
Couple
Connect rail vehicles together
Coupler
Mechanical device connecting railway vehicles
Cowcatcher
Sometimes known as an obstacle deflector it is a strong, angled, metal plate, similar in appearance to a snow plough, fitted to the front and rear of a locomotive. Its purpose is to reduce the risk of derailment in the event of a collision between the locomotive and a large obstacle on the track.
Coxswain
Person who steers a boat and is in charge of crew
CPC
Compliance Plate Certification – A voluntary standard and certification regime initiated and administered by the New Zealand boat-building industry
CPCP
Corrosion prevention and control programme
CPL
Commercial pilot licence
CPL(G)
Commercial glider pilot licence
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Crabbing
A technique to compensate for a crosswind during flight to maintain a desired track over ground.
Crane block
A component of the crane system on a vessel – containing the crane hook, swivel, bearing, sheaves, pins and frame – that is suspended by a crane’s hoisting wire or load chains
Crane housings
Structures that surround and protect a crane’s machinery
Crane radius
The horizontal distance from the centre of rotation to the centreline of the crane hook.
Crane sheaves
The grooved wheels that hold and guide the crane wires.
Crane's spreader
A spreader is a device that allows containers to be fitted to the hook of the crane. The spreader is attached to the four corners of the container to allow even weight distribution when lifted. See Glossary for photo of the spreader.
Crashworthiness
A vehicle’s ability to protect its occupants during a collision.
Creep
A phenomenon where an automatic knuckle coupler’s lock works upwards during running.
Crevice corrosion
Crevice corrosion is the attack of metal surfaces by a stagnant solution in a crevice.
Crew resource management
KiwiRail’s framework for non-technical skills including situational awareness, conscientiousness, communication, decision-making and action, co-operation and working with others, workload management and self-management.
Crew resource management skills
Formerly known as crew resource management) skills that complement technical skills and include the interpersonal skills of communication, leadership and teamwork and the cognitive skills of decision-making, situational awareness and task management. Non-technical skills are part of human factors and bolster the success of threat and error management.
Critical fuel
The fuel quantity necessary to fly to an en-route alternate aerodrome considering, at the most critical point on the route, the most time-limiting failure; OCC Manual, Section 6.1, pg 69.
CRL
City Rail Link
CRM
crew resource management
Cross
On a single-line railway, trains travelling in opposite directions can pass each other at certain locations by one of the trains pulling into a sidetrack known as a crossing loop. This is known as either a ‘cross’ or ‘meet’ of trains.
Cross-track error
The distance a ship is from the planned track.
Crossbuck signs
Road signs made up of a diagonal white cross with ‘railway crossing’ in black lettering, to warn road users they are approaching a level crossing.
Crossing loop
A loop of track alongside the main line in single-track areas, used by opposing trains to cross each other safely.
Crossports
A vent cut in the structural rib of a parachute canopy to equalise air pressure between two cells.
Crosswind
Wind direction from the side.
Crosswind leg
A flight path at right angles to the landing runway off its end
CTA
Control Area
CTR
Control Zone
CTT
Container transfer terminal
Culverts
Structures that channel water past obstacles to alleviate flooding.
Cumulative work day
A period during which work occurs, that does not exceed 24 hours and begins after a continuous period of rest time of at least 10 hours.
Curfew
Airport operating restrictions during specified hours
CUSP
Common User Safety Protocols
Cutaway
A disconnection of the main parachute from the harness-container system after a main parachute malfunction, in preparation for opening the reserve parachute.
CVR
Cockpit voice recorder
Cycle
One engine operation from start to stop
Cyclic
The control which changes the pitch angle of the rotor blades individually during a cycle of revolution and as a result tilts the main rotor disc to control the direction and velocity of flight.
Cyclic control
The cyclic (also called the cyclic control or cyclic stick) tilts the rotor disc in the direction the cyclic is moved, thereby moving the helicopter in that direction.
Cyclic lines
Alignment faults that are repeated at similar spacing.
Cyclic loading
Cyclic loading is when a load is applied to a component in a repetitive manner
Cyclic procedure turns
A cyclic procedure turn is where the helicopter is turned around 180 degrees in a relatively wide, flat arc using the cyclic flight control only. These turns impose minimal added stresses on the dynamic components of the helicopter.
Cyclic stick
A cyclic stick is a pilot’s control that changes the pitch angle of a helicopter’s main rotor blades at the same point of their rotation cycle. The rotor disc will tilt in the direction that the pilot has put the cyclic stick and the helicopter will move in the same direction.
Cyclic track twists
A series of track twists alternating between a negative cant difference and a positive cant difference.
Cyclicing away
Moving the cyclic control, normally forward, to accelerate the helicopter
D
D spar
The main load-carrying structural component of a wing or rotor blade.
Dacron
A trade name for polyethylene terephthalate fibre.
Daily Information Bulletin
A controlled instruction, printed, typed or handwritten, issued by those authorised by the Rail Operating Rules
Daily information bulletin (DIB)
A memorandum provided to users of KiwiRail’s network that contains information about train running and track maintenance activities for that day.
Damper
A normally-open flap that can be released to close and seal an opening
Damper bearing
Damper bearing is installed on the tail rotor drive shaft to dampen normal lateral and vertical oscillations.
DART
Dynamic Automatic Radio Transmission
Data recorder
Equipment fitted on board a ship that records data on the status and operation of various equipment and systems on board
Datum
A datum is a reference point or plane from which measurements are taken. The datum for an aircraft’s centre of gravity is typically a vertical plane on, or ahead of, the nose of the aircraft.
Davit
One of a pair of small cranes on board a ship, used for suspending, lowering and raising a lifeboat
DC
Direct current
DCP
A type of diesel-electric main line locomotive used on the New Zealand rail network.
De-bonding
An undesirable condition where the structural adhesive under the blade skin breaks down or fails as a result of surface erosion, corrosion or overstressing.
De-icing
Removal of ice and snow from aircraft surfaces
Dead end (rope or cable)
The end of a rope that does not take any load after being spliced or clamped with a ferrule
Dead-ship
Without the use of the ship’s propulsion systems.
Deadweight Tonnage
Maximum weight a ship can safely carry including cargo fuel and stores
Deck cadet
A trainee
Deck officer
A master or officer from a vessel’s deck department. It includes navigating officer roles.
Deckhead
Nautical term for ceiling
Deep-water factory trawler
A fishing vessel fitted with factory equipment for processing, packaging and freezing fish products
Demurrage
Charge for exceeding agreed laytime during loading or unloading
Density altitude
Density altitude is the ‘pressure altitude’ corrected for any temperature difference from the temperature at that altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere. The pressure altitude is the altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere with the same pressure as the part of the atmosphere in question.
Departure controller
The air traffic control position responsible for flights departing a terminal area.
Departure signal
A signal controlling entry to a block section, which is the entire section of line between two stations. Block sections can be divided into intermediate sections. Permission to pass a departure signal at red requires written authority from train control.
Derail
An event that occurs when a rail vehicle’s wheels disengage their connection with the top of the rail head.
Derailer
A rail-mounted device used to derail a train, particularly one attempting to make an unauthorised movement. Often used to protect against unauthorised access to depots, sidings and other areas.
Derailment
An event that occurs when a rail vehicle’s wheels disengage their connection with the top of the rail head
Design life
The period of time during which an item is expected by its designers to work within its specified parameters; in other words, the life expectancy of the item
Detention
Charge for delayed return or use of equipment beyond free time
Dew poinbt
The temperature at which air becomes saturated and can hold no more moisture.
DFDR
digital flight data recorder
Dial test indicator
A tool used to measure clearances and tolerances and variations in tolerance.
Diesel electric locomotives
Operates a diesel engine connected to an alternator that creates electricity, which is transferred into six electric traction motors that drive the wheels on the locomotive.
Dipping pond
A change in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance
Direct routing
When an aircraft is flown along a route that has not been charted and has not been evaluated. Sometimes referred to as ‘random routing’
Disaster
A disaster for this purpose is defined as one or more of the following: 10 or more people reported killed; 100 or more people reported affected; a declaration of a state of emergency; and a call for international assistance.
Disconnecting the autothrottle
The autothrottle remains engaged until reverse thrust is selected after touchdown.
Disembarkation
Leaving or getting off a ship
Disponent ship owner
A disponent ship owner is a person who has a right to the use and possession of a ship, either as owner or as bareboat charterer from the beneficial owner of the ship for the time being.
DME
distance measuring equipment
DOC
Department of Conservation
Double bottom
Hull design and construction method where the bottom of the ship has two complete layers of watertight hull surface.
Doubler
An additional piece of material used to strengthen the area of surrounding structure in a component.
DOWN direction
Trains running away from Otiria in the North Island and away from Picton in the South Island are travelling in the DOWN direction.
Down main line
A portion of rail track on a multiline rail network on which trains are run in the down direction
Down-flooding
The entry of seawater through any opening into the hull of an undamaged vessel.
Downwind call
Radio call made when established on the downwind leg and abeam the upwind threshold to positively establish the aircraft’s position in the circuit for other traffic
Downwind leg
A flight path parallel to the landing runway in the opposite direction to landing
Draft loading
Where couplers experience a tensile force as rail vehicles are pulled apart.
Draft Survey
Method to determine ship cargo weight by measuring draft changes
Draft tensile force
The outward force applied to the carriage-coupler connection
Drag
A mechanical force that results from the interaction of a solid body with a fluid. Drag acts in opposition to the direction of the propelling force
Drainage culvert
A piece of drainage infrastructure that connects stormwater pipes in order to direct water flow to an adjacent area. The culvert at the slip site was located on the hill side of the rail corridor, went under the rail lines and opened on the embankment where the road met the road shoulder area. This allowed debris to flow on to State Highway 1.
Draught
Vertical distance between a ship's waterline and keel
Drawgear
Assembly on rail vehicles for traction and cushioning of forces
Drawgear system
The component that connects the carriage to the coupler
Driver
The train driver
Driver advisory system
A computer touch-screen mounted in a locomotive cab that is connected to the locomotive power supply, global positioning system and cellular antennae and provides a visual output of topographical and network data along with suggested speeds and operating modes
Driver Advisory System (DAS)
A computer touch-screen mounted in the locomotive cab that is connected to the locomotive power supply, global positioning system and cellular antennae. It provides a visual output of topographical and network data along with suggested speeds and operating modes.
Driver monitor
A driver monitoring system that records and assesses a driver’s alertness and activates alarms when safety parameters are exceeded.
Driver-training train
An empty passenger train operated by a trainee driver under instruction from a qualified person. Trainees learn route-knowledge and train-handling skills before being allowed to drive with passengers onboard.
Drivetrain
The helicopter’s drivetrain is a group of components that transfers power
Drogue
A trailing ‘parachute-looking’ device used to create drag and regulate the fall rate of a tandem pair.
Droguefall
The portion of a tandem descent when a drogue has been deployed. It occurs between the initial freefall and the main parachute deployment
Drone
The generic term used when referring to a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS), an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or an aircraft in operation without a pilot onboard.
Drone operators
The owner of a drone
Drone pilot
The person controlling the drone in flight.
Drury
Clevedon and Drury are designated visual reporting points for aircraft flying into Ardmore, to achieve geographical separation for inbound and outbound aircraft.
Dry dock
A basin that can be flooded to allow a vessel to be floated into it, then drained, to allow the vessel to rest on a dry platform exposing the entire hull. Dry docks are used for vessel construction, maintenance and repair
Dynamic braking
A braking method where kinetic energy is converted to electrical current by traction motors on powered axles. Energy is then re-delivered to traction supply (regenerative) or, as in the case of DFB locomotives, dissipated through resistors (rheostatic).
Dynamic check
This is where a pilot would attempt to lift off and hover close to the ground and check to see that the controls were in a position that allowed full deflection movement.
Dynamic interaction
A situation when the track geometry, wagon condition, wagon loading and train speed are individually within tolerance limits, or marginally in excess, but not to an extent that each variation on its own is sufficient to be a prime cause of a derailment. However, when in combination these conditions can result in a derailment.
Dynamic positioning
A computer-controlled system to automatically maintain a vessel's position.
E
E-Protect
E-Protect is a system on locomotives that uses Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to monitor the speed of trains approaching compulsory-stop boards (CSB) and applies a penalty brake if a train does not stop at the CSB location. The system is designed only to enforce a stopping sequence. Once the train has stopped, the E-Protect system becomes inactive, allowing the train to be moved through the PWA. The placement of the compulsory-stop protection boards is a necessary reminder for locomotive engineers to prepare their trains for stopping at designated places to avoid emergency brake applications.
E-ruc system
A management tool that records the times and locations of vehicle events, such as when a vehicle’s ignition is turned on and off, the vehicle enters and/or exits a geo-fenced site, the vehicle turns or the vehicle is stopped, and the vehicle’s speed and global positioning system (GPS) location, at predetermined time intervals. The system determines that the vehicle has stopped when its speed falls to less than four kilometres per hour
EASA
European Union Aviation Safety Administration
East Coast Main Trunk
The railway network that runs from Hamilton to Tauranga and Kawerau and is connected to various other mainline rail networks, stations and rail sidings to operate trains and rail vehicles for the movements of commuter passengers and freight.
Ebb (tide)
An outgoing tide
Ebbing
Receding or outgoing tide, occurring between high- and low-tide times
ECDIS
Electronic chart display and information system
ECMT
East Coast Main Trunk
EDTO
Extended Diversion Time Operation
EECU
Electronic Engine Control Unit
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zone
Effectively stopped
The speed over ground had reduced to 0.6 kt or less
EHS
Environment, Health and Safety
Elastic deformation
Elastic deformation is a temporary deformation of a material’s shape that is self-reversing after removing the force or load.
Elastomeric
Having a rubber-like quality
Electrical Multiple Unit (EMU)
An electric multiple unit train operates on an overhead power source that directs power to the train’s traction motors inside the carriages.
Electromagnetic coil
One or more circular turns or ‘windings’ in a current-carrying wire designed to produce a magnetic field.
Electronic block protection
A protection activated on the signalling system operated by train control when required to ensure that signals and points are not cleared into a protected work area, or to prevent conflicting rail movements.
Electronic blocking
Electronic blocking is a method of protection whereby the train controller uses the train control system to prevent signals held at red (stop) being placed at green or yellow (proceed). Having to stop for red signals prevents rail traffic from entering a section of track that has been blocked.
Electronic navigational chart (ENC)
A digital chart viewable in ECDISs
Electronic Train Protection (ETP)
A train stop protection system designed to reduce the consequences of Signal Passed at Danger occurrences. ETP is an on-board system that is able to read a ‘signal red’ message from an ETCS balise (an electronic beacon or transponder placed between the rails of a railway as part of train control or a protection system). Trackside ETCS was installed throughout the Auckland Metro network as part of the electrification triggered re-signalling.
Elevation
The primary unit of measurement of altitude and elevation or height is the metre. However, the most widely used unit of measurement in aviation is the foot. Metric altitudes and flight levels are used in some countries, such as China and Russia. AIPNZ GEN 2.1 states that the unit for measurement for altitudes, elevations and heights is feet.
Embarkation
Boarding or going on a ship
Emergency door release
A device located on the outside of a train’s passenger car, primarily for the use of emergency services to enable the doors to be operated manually in the event that they cannot be opened by normal means. Also referred to as an emergency egress device.
Emergency Locator Transmitter
An emergency locator transmitter transmits a distress signal to the Cospas-Sarsat search and rescue satellite system.
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
An ELT transmits a distress signal to the Cospas-Sarsat search and rescue satellite system.
Emergency muster stations
Designated emergency areas for all crew during emergencies. The master and crew confirm the whereabouts of all personnel and initiate a plan to address the emergency using specialist equipment.
Empennage
The tail assembly, including the vertical fin, horizontal stabiliser and tail rotor.
Empennage assembly
A horizontal and vertical stabiliser that is located near the aft end of the tailcone. It is designed to provide stability during flight.
Enclosed waters
Enclosed waters are inland waters or waters within sheltered waters
End of daylight
Civil Aviation Rules (CARs) 1: Definitions defines night beginning at the end of evening civil twilight, which is calculated from tables in AIPNZ GEN 2.7, s1.4 Daylight tables.
Energy attenuating seats
Energy attenuating seats on Airbus Helicopters rotorcraft are designed to stroke and/or plastically deform upon severe impact, absorbing all or a portion of the energy transmitted to the seat during an impact.
Engine room tank-top
The floor of the engine room, under which various tanks and voids are located.
Engine Room Watch Rating (ERWR)
A crew member in a manned engine room or periodically unmanned engine room on a ship of any propulsion power in any operating area
Engine sump
The internal space at the bottom of an engine where lubricating oil either accumulates, or (as in this case) drains into the lube-oil tank beneath.
Engine teardown
The disassembly of an engine for detailed examination or repair
Engineering risk controls
Engineering risk controls work by isolating hazards, generally by way of the physical design of a system.
Envelope
The part of the balloon that holds the hot air and provides lift.
EP
Electro-Pneumatic
EPIRB
Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon
EPOD
Electrical power outlet distribution
eProtect
A system that detects whether a locomotive has failed to stop before reaching a compulsory stop board. If this occurs it automatically activates the emergency brakes on the locomotive, bringing the train to a forced stop, thereby providing an independent backup to the driver
Equivalent fatality
A unit ALCAM uses for injury equivalence, defined as 1 fatality, 10 major injuries or 200 minor injuries
ERM
Engine room resource management
EROAD
A proprietary, GPS-based tracking and monitoring system commonly used to track and monitor land-based vehicles.
Error recognition
There are a number of equipment design principles to protect against human error, one of these being that the response of the system to an operator’s input should be clearly and immediately visible to the operator. In this case, while control inputs are made using the remote-control pack, the pack itself gives no feedback of the system response ie, what movements the locomotive is making as a result of the control inputs.
Escort tug
A tug that follows a ship to assist in manoeuvrability if required.
Essential traffic (air)
Essential traffic is defined in the Civil Aviation Rule 172.3 as “Any controlled traffic that is not separated by the prescribed minima in relation to other controlled flights where separation is required.”
ETA
Estimated Time of Arrival
ETAShip
Estimated Time of Arrival for a ship
ETCS
European Train Control System standard for train signaling and control
ETD
Estimated Time of Departure
ETP
The point of equal flight time between two diversion airports. The point moves dependent on the wind – in a headwind the point is closer to the destination; in a tailwind it is closer to the point of departure.
Evacuation egress points
Points located at the ends of EMU train cabs, allowing access from the train to the ground via a ramp and handrail system
Evening civil twilight
When the centre of the setting sun’s disc is 6° below the horizon
Event
With respect to safety investigations, an event is something that happened. If considered to have relevance to safety, it will be reported through a safety management system as a notification.
EWR
Engine Room Watch Rating
Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)
An area of coastal water and seabed within a defined distance of a country’s coastline, to which the country claims exclusive rights for fishing, drilling and other economic activities.
Excursion
When an aircraft departs a runway in use when landing or taking off, as either a veer-off or an overrun
Expectation bias
A term used to describe the influence that previous experience can have on an individual’s perceptions and decision-making.
Expectation bias is the predisposition for individuals to perceive information according to what they are expecting to see/hear, as opposed to what is actually seen/heard. This expectancy can make it less likely that any mismatch in the information received is detected.
Export certificate of airworthiness
A certificate issued by an exporting country that the aircraft conforms to its type certificate
Exposition
An exposition is a suite of manuals containing information about an operator’s general policies, duties, operational control policy and procedures, and the responsibilities of personnel. It is the main way of showing that the management and control systems required under the CARs are in place.
Extended diversion time operations
Flights by a twin-engine turbine powered aeroplane where the flight time (calculated at the cruise speed in still air with one engine inoperative) from any point on the route to a suitable alternative aerodrome is greater than 60 minutes.
F
FAA
Federal Aviation Administration, US Department of Transportation
FADEC
Full authority digital engine control
Fail-safe braking system
The train’s braking system that applies the brakes immediately when carriages or wagon’s part and uncouples the train’s brake pipes between the rail vehicles.
Fail-safe mode
If a malfunction occurs, the train control system is designed to activate the flashing lights, bells and barriers by default. This ensures the level crossing – even if it has failed – is ‘safe’.
Fairlead
An opening at the forward and aft ends of a vessel used to guide a rope, usually to a tug or to the shore, keeping it clear of obstructions and preventing it cutting or chafing
Fall arrester
Safety equipment used, when working at heights or over the side of a ship, to stop a downward free fall and prevent serious harm or death of the person
Fall wire
The steel wire rope on a winch used for lowering or lifting a load
False association
A false association occurs when someone mistakenly believes that two events are related or connected. This often arises when there are superficial similarities or shared characteristics between the two events.
Farm airstrip
A strip of ground set aside for the take-off and landing of aircraft
Fatigue cracking
The weakening of a material caused by cyclic loading, which results in progressive and localised structural damage and the growth of cracks.
Fatigue cracks
Cracks in a material caused by cyclic loading.
Fatigue life
The minimum number of stop-start cycles and flight hours that stress (fatigue spectrum loads) can be applied to a component before a failure could occur.
Fatigue spectrum
The fatigue spectrum is developed from in-flight stresses recorded during a ‘standard’ flight profile, which involves the normal manoeuvres expected in air transport, private and training flights, but not in agricultural flying.
FCM-20
Flex Control Module
FCOM
Flight Crew Operations Manual. FCOM lays out the procedures and checklists for every phase of flight.
FCTM
flight crew training manual
FDR
Flight data recorder
FDS
The balloon’s fast deflation system
Feeder Vessel
Smaller ship transporting cargo to and from hub ports
FEU
Forty-foot equivalent unit - a container size measure
Final approach
A flight path in the direction of landing along the extended runway centreline from the base leg to the runway
FIR
Flight Information Region
Firm landing
A firm landing is harder than a normal landing but does not reach the threshold for a hard landing, which has a specific meaning in aviation related to the level of damage sustained by an aircraft.
Fishing lures
Hooked objects attached to a fishing line, designed to move and resemble prey.
Fitters
Workers who install and remove machinery, pipes and other equipment.
Fixed signals
In simplified terms, SLAS fixed signals display three different aspects: red (stop), yellow (proceed, but a warning that the next signal is at stop) or green (proceed). There are other variables that are not relevant to this report.
Fixed-pitch propeller
When the pitch of a propeller is set at the factory where it is made, and cannot be adjusted while in use, the propeller is known as a fixed-pitch propeller.
Flank protection
A means of protecting movements of trains across junctions by the setting of points (either manually or automatically) that prevent any other unauthorised movement coming into contact with them.
Flapping
Movement of a blade in the vertical sense relative to the plane of rotation.
Flaring the aeroplane
Raising the nose of the aeroplane to the landing attitude.
FLARM
FLARM is a lightweight traffic awareness and collision device optimised for light aircraft, including pilotless vehicles.
Flat light
A term used to describe the lighting conditions when the sun has gone behind the mountains and the light is fading. Under flat light conditions, it is hard to distinguish features in the water
Flatbed truck
A truck where the rear load area does not have solid walls or a roof.
Flight controls
The flight controls or control surfaces include the elevator, rudder and ailerons.
Flight envelope
The flight envelope in aviation is defined by various parameters and refers to the limits within which an aircraft can operate safely and efficiently. A flight envelope encompasses both normal and extreme flight conditions and is typically represented graphically.
Flight following
Flight following is carried out by OCC staff as described in the operator’s OCC Manual. It includes monitoring the location of a flight at all times and requires OCC staff to monitor, evaluate and distribute any important information to the flight crew, such as changes in weather at the destination or en-route alternate, with a focus on the EDTO portion of a flight.
Flight information officer
Airways New Zealand provides a flight information service through a flight information officer, who offers limited assistance for pilots operating in uncontrolled airspace. The pilots remain responsible for terrain-conflict avoidance and separation from other aircraft
Flight instruction
Flight instruction provided to a person by an appropriately licensed and rated flight instructor occupying a pilot seat.
Flight Level
Standardised aviation altitude referenced to a pressure datum
Flight management system
Flight information, including arrival and approach procedures, is loaded into a flight management guidance system that, depending on the modes used, directs the aeroplane’s flight path using the autopilot.
Flight manual
A controlled document kept in the cockpit that provides information about the aircraft, including system descriptions, limitations and normal and emergency procedures.
Flight Safety Foundation
The Flight Safety Foundation is an independent, non-profit international organisation for research, education, advocacy and communications in the field of aviation safety (Flight Safety Foundation, 2016).
Flightcell DZMx
The Flightcell DZMx is a voice, data and tracking system designed and manufactured in New Zealand.
Float
The clearance between the float block on a bogie bolster and the corresponding block on the wagon underframe.
Flood tide
The period between low tide and high tide when the water flows towards the shore
Floor plate
The steel deck on which the winch is installed
Flyaway
When a drone is no longer under the pilot’s control, and it continues to move without pilot input. This is different from a drone that will stop and hold position or return to the operator in the event of a loss of communication.
Flybridge
An additional deck that sits on top of the main superstructure, often used as a viewing point or additional control station.
FMC
flight management computer
FMCG
Fast-moving consumer goods often shipped in containers
FMG
Fatigue Management Guidelines
FOD
foreign object debris or damage
Foot ring
A circular ring secured to a pressure cylinder to keep its bottom surface away from the ground
Foot wire
A foot wire is a wire with one end secured to the vessel’s deck and the other end securing a block used for guiding the wiggle wire then holding it in place.
FOR
Field of regard
Force 2
As indicated on the Beaufort scale, which is mean wind speed of 5 knots or 2.4 metres per second (m/s)
Fore and aft movement
A longitudinal movement towards the bow and stern
Forecastle
The foremost part of a vessel’s deck
Foredeck
The deck at the forward part of the vessel.
Formation
The structured base on which a track is built, usually consisting of impacted earth and ballast. The formation is designed to support the track and prevent it moving.
Forward
Towards the front, or bow, of a vessel
Forward end
Towards the front, or bow, of a vessel.
Forward mooring deck
The forward end of the ship where mooring equipment is located.
Fouling
A rail vehicle in a position that prevents mechanical points moving
Fouling zone
A position at which entry will obstruct or collide with rail traffic on an adjacent line.
FOV
Field of view
Frangible
Easily broken
Free vibration
The type of vibration in which a force is applied once and the structure or component is allowed to vibrate at its natural frequency
Freeboard
Vertical distance from a ship's deck to the waterline
Freeboard deck
The uppermost complete deck exposed to the weather and the sea which has permanent means of closing all openings in it.
Freeze an accident site
Where an investigation is required, the act of retaining all evidence by ensuring nothing is moved or removed from the scene.
Freezerman
A factory worker responsible for freezing, packing, weighing and labelling fish products.
Freezing level
The altitude at which the temperature is at 0°C in a free atmosphere (the freezing point of water).
Freight Wagon
Rail vehicle designed to carry goods
Freight wagons
Rail vehicles that move freight on the rail network.
Friction wedges
Friction wedges perform a similar function to shock absorbers in a car by controlling the bounce when a wagon passes over undulating track. They also hold the bogie bolster perpendicular to the side-frames to provide better steering and a longer wheel life.
Frog
Part of a railway turnout where tracks intersect
ft
feet
Fuel fill cap
A self-venting petrol cap located on top of the transom where fuel is added
Fuel flow fixed mode
A FADEC fail-safe mode in which, in the event of an engine control unit failure, the quantity of fuel being delivered to the engine is fixed at a constant rate until the pilot switches to ‘manual’ mode
Fuel low-pressure light
A light on an instrument panel designed to gain a pilot’s attention and direct them to an area of concern.
Fuel tank sender unit
Component used to gauge level of fuel in fuel tank
Fuel vent
Part of the fuel tank that allows air to enter and exit the fuel tank as the fuel level changes.
Ful-service brake
A full brake application in the normal operating mode, without using the emergency position.
Full cord
The straight-line distance from the leading edge of an aerofoil to the trailing edge.
Full service break application
The maximum train braking force that can be applied through the train’s air brake system
Full stop
A full-stop landing brings the aircraft to taxi speed and then taxis clear of the runway
Full truck load
Transportation of large consignments from any origin to any destination rather than from depot to depot.
G
GA
general aviation
Galley
Nautical term for a kitchen
Ganger
Traditional railway terminology for the supervisor of an infrastructure team (work gang) of track workers
Gangway
The inter-carriage walking surface provided between adjoining passenger carriages.
Gas generator RPM
Engine gas generator (compressor) speed, expressed as a percentage of revolutions per minute
Gas temperature
The average measured temperature of the gas path in an engine
Gate
Passenger or aircraft departure position at a terminal
Gauge
The distance between the inside faces of railheads, measured 16 mm below the running surface.
General shunting
The movement of one or more rail vehicles by means of pulling or pushing.
Generator set enclosure
The generator set enclosure includes the engine, generator, fuel system and cooling and exhaust systems.
Geon
The dark grey material at the edge of some windshields, where rivets attach the windshields to window frames.
GeVis
A KiwiRail software application that displays dynamic geographical location of trains on the network. It is a source of information and is not designed for use as a safe-working system.
GFS
Global Forecast System
Give-way vessel
Under the collision-prevention rules – a vessel that is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel
Glideslope
An instrument landing system that indicates the proper path of descent for an aircraft preparing to land.
Global Forecast System (GFS)
A USA-based National Center for Environmental Prediction weather forecast model that generates data for, among others, wind. The system couples four separate models (atmosphere, ocean, land/soil and sea ice) to work together and predict global weather conditions.
GNSS
Global Navigation Satellite System: A satellite system that provides location data for navigation purposes; one of Compass, Galileo, Glonass, or GPS.
GNZ
Gliding New Zealand Incorporated
Go around
A discontinued approach to land. Sometimes termed an overshoot.
Governor
A device that senses engine and rotor speed and makes adjustments to help maintain the desired speed.
GPS
Global Positioning System
Grade separation
To isolate road and rail traffic from one another by the construction of a bridge or tunnel/underpass.
GRAFOR
Graphical aviation forecast
Grandparent rights
A provision in which an old rule continues to apply to an existing vessel while a new rule applies to all future vessels. Those exempt from the new rule are said to have grandparent rights.
Gravel bar
An elevated region of sediment that has been deposited by the flow of a river
Grooved
Cut across to assist with water runoff and aid braking
Gross Tonnage
Measurement of a ship's overall internal volume
Ground effect
A helicopter is ‘in ground effect’ when the downwash from the main rotor strikes the surface, stopping the downward wash and generating an increase in pressure, effectively a cushion of air that decreases the power required to maintain height. The effect reduces as the helicopter moves further from the surface, meaning more power will be required. At a height equivalent to the distance of half to one rotor diameter, the effect is considered to be nil and the helicopter is said to be ‘out of ground effect’
Ground Handling
Services provided to aircraft while on the ground
Ground-relay fault
An unintentional electrical path that runs between a power source and a ground surface.
GSMEACQ
GSMEACQ means Ground, Situation, Mission, Execution, Admin, Command, Questions
GT
Gross tonnes
Guard's wagon
A wagon that is attached to the rear of a freight train and serves as an office for the train guard while they are in transit.
Gudgeon
A hole or socket in which a pintle rotates.
Gunnel
Gunnel is an alternative spelling of gunwale, the upper side of a ship or boat or the uppermost planks of a wooden vessel.
Gunwale
The top edge of the hull of a boat.
H
HAA
Helicopter air ambulance
Half ahead/astern
A manoeuvring speed indication on an engine telegraph that results in a set amount of engine revolutions, which in turn will give rise to a certain speed for the vessel
Half-arm barriers
Physical barriers at a level crossing that are automatically lowered a short period after flashing lights and bells have been activated. Vehicles on the level crossing can exit the level crossing control area because the barriers obstruct only half the carriageway.
Handle off position
There are distinct zones for a train’s brake, known as quadrants. These are: Release; Minimum reduction; Service zone – during normal operation where the reduction is at service rate [controlled rate]; ‘Handle off’ position – for conditioning the brake valve where the brake is applied at service rate. Emergency application – where a brake pipe vents to the atmosphere and brakes are applied more rapidly than a service rate through the train. The Emergency position provides all the available brake effort in a shorter time, together with sanding at the wheel/rail interface to reduce the stopping distance.
Handy bulk carrier
Handy bulk carriers are approximately 10,000 to 39,999 deadweight tons
Hard landing
Sometimes referred to as a heavy landing, when a landing exceeds the manufacturer’s limitations, often expressed as a rate of descent or a ‘g’ loading. This may result in a loss of control and/or aircraft damage and will require an inspection.
Hard to starboard
Maximum starboard rudder angle
Hatch cleats
Steel locking devices for securing a hatch lid
Hatch coaming
Vertical structure around a hatch, or other opening in the deck, to prevent water ingress.
Hauling in the net
Retrieving the net after fishing
Hawse pipe
A pipe in which the anchor shank is housed and through which the anchor cable passes when the anchor is used. The hawse pipe runs through the forecastle from beneath the anchor windlass to the outside of the hull.
Head wagon
The first wagon at the locomotive end of the rake.
Head-on situation
Such a situation will be considered to exist when a vessel sees another ahead or nearly ahead and by night, the masthead lights of the other vessel are in line or nearly in line and/or both sidelights are visible (Maritime Rules Part 22.14.2(a))
Heading (marine)
The compass direction in which a vessel’s bow is pointing.
Headlines
Mooring lines leading ashore from the fore end of a ship in a forward direction
Headway
Time or distance interval between trains on the same line
Heat-sensitive wheel paint
Paint applied to wheel plates, normally a light grey that turns to dark grey or brown when exposed to excessive temperatures (typically around 250–300ºC). Used in maintenance to identify wheels that have been subject to overheat conditions.
Heaving
Lifting or to hauling
Heaving Line
Light line thrown to pass a heavier mooring line
Heavy destress unit
Destressing is the process of adjusting the rails to a stress-free state at a certain rail temperature. Destressing helps the rails cope better with temperature extremes and prevents buckling or contraction.
Heavy rain
Heavy or very heavy rates of rainfall will clearly have a detrimental impact upon general visibility. However, in addition to any true meteorological reduction of visibility, raindrops impacting the windscreen/canopy will additionally reduce visibility. Windscreen wipers (if fitted) may not be able to fully cope with the rainfall rate. (World Meteorological Organization, n.d.)
Heavy rainfall
Greater than 100 millimetres of rainfall over a 24-hour period or a period of rainfall between 10 and 50 millimetres per hour as classified by the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Taihoro Nukurangi (NIWA).
HEB
HEB Construction Limited
Heli winch
A helicopter operation involving the use of a hoist mechanism with cable and hook that allows a lowering and/or pick up of an external load/cargo/person from the side of the helicopter.
Helicopter frost protection
Helicopter frost protection involves low-level flying over an affected crop to mix warmer air aloft with the cooler air below to prevent frost from settling on the fruit.
Heliport
Any defined area of land or water, and any defined area on a structure, intended or designed to be used either wholly or partly for the landing, departure and surface movement of helicopters
Helm
The means, such as a steering wheel, by which a vessel’s steering is controlled.
HEMS
Helicopter emergency medical service
HH
Waikato Hospital
Hi-rail excavator
A road vehicle fitted with retractable rail wheels, which can be driven along rail tracks and on/off tracks at level crossings and other suitable places.
Hi-rail vehicle
A vehicle fitted with equipment that gives the capability to travel on both road and rail.
Higgins
Higgins Contractors Limited
High and dry
Grounded and entirely above the water at low water.
High risk vessel
A ship that has attracted a high number of deficiencies through successive PSC inspections.
High-expansion foam
A type of foam used for fire suppression.
High-reliability organisations
High-reliability organisations are those that operate in highly hazardous environments with high safety performance, eg, air traffic management systems, commercial aviation, and nuclear power stations.
HMNZS
Her/His Majesty’s New Zealand Ship
HMU
Hydro-mechanical unit
HN
Hamilton Airport
HNVGO
Helicopter night vision goggle operations
Hobbs meter
An activated hour meter used to track the helicopter’s time in service.
Hold Baggage
Checked luggage carried in an aircraft hold
Home base
Where pilots would commence and conclude their rosters.
Home signal
A signal that controls the entry to a station or junction.
Hook and loop retaining strap
The term ‘hook and loop retaining strap’ is commonly used internationally in manuals. An alternative term, ‘hook and loop style fastener’ is often used in safety information bulletins.
Hopper
Part of an agricultural aircraft used to store chemicals to be spread.
HoT
Head of training
Hot air baloon
Incorporates the complete balloon assembly, including the basket, burners and envelope.
Hot stretch
A condition that occurs when a light, comprising a coiled filament suspended between two contact posts, is subject to a sudden strong shock loading while illuminated. The hot ductile filament will stretch before breaking. A light that is not illuminated will act in a brittle manner and break without stretching. This is not an exact science as it can vary with the strength and direction of the shock loading. Also, if an accident sequence is protracted, an illuminated filament may have sufficient time to cool and act in a brittle manner.
Hot work
Work requiring the use of welding, burning or soldering equipment, blowtorches and tools that generate sparks.
Hourly rainfall rate
A rolling average hourly rate
hp
Horse power (a unit of power, 1 kW = 1.341 hp)
hPa
hectopascal
HSWA
Health and Safety at Work Act 2015
HSWA-GRWM
Health and Safety at Work Act 2015 – General risk and workplace management regulations
HUET
Helicopter underwater escape training
Hull loss
The destruction or write-off an aircraft
Human factors
The science of human behaviour and its influence on the occurrence of human errors
Hydrostatic pressure test
A test for determining the strength and leak-resistance of pressure vessels
Hydrostatic release
A pressure-activated mechanism designed to automatically deploy a life raft when certain conditions are met.
Hydrovac truck
A vacuum excavator truck purpose-built for non-destructive digging and locating underground service.
I
IACS
International Association of Classification Societies
IAS
indicated airspeed
IATA
International Air Transport Association
IATA DGR
International rules governing air transport of dangerous goods
ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization
ICAP
Initial call answering point
Ice accretion
The process by which a layer of ice (icing) builds up on solid objects that are exposed to freezing precipitation or to supercooled fog or cloud droplets.
ICU
Injection control unit
IFR
Instrument flight rules
IFR flight
A flight conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules, during which an aircraft is piloted solely by reference to instruments and without external reference points. Visibility may be limited due to weather or time of day, or be suitable for VFR flight
ILS
instrument landing system
IMC
Instrument meteorological conditions (or visibility has reduced to an extent that visual reference of the horizon is lost).
IMO
International Maritime Organization
Impassable
For the purposes of this report, the term ‘impassable’ is used to describe a section of track that should have been closed to rail traffic.
In-cab back-up portable radio
The in-cab back-up portable radio operated on a rechargeable battery system and was stored in the cab of the train.
Inattentional blindness
A phenomenon where there is an inability to perceive. This sighted blindness (observed during tests) seemed to be caused by the fact that subjects did not attend to a critical stimulus but instead attended to something else that acted as a distractor (Mack, 1998).
Inboard
Towards the centre of a ship
Incandescent
(Of an electric light) containing a filament that glows white-hot when heated by an electric current
Incident
An incident is an occurrence that did not progress to the state of an accident due to some reason, protective barrier, or intervention.
Inclining experiment
A process that involves causing a vessel to heel to small angles by moving known weights transversely to determine its stability, lightship weight and the coordinates of its centre of gravity.
Increased loading
A type of acceleration force that causes a perception of weight otherwise known as g-force.
Independent brake
The locomotive’s brake system
Individual Train Detection (ITD)
Individual Train Detection (ITD) is the lowest form of self-protection required to work on the rail corridor unsupervised. Workers using ITD must comply with conditions including calculating distances from which approaching trains will be sighted. If all conditions cannot be met then a higher form of protection, such as electronic blocking, must be used.
Information service person
A person located in a tower providing aerodrome information only, for example weather and runway conditions, but not a controlling service.
Instrument approach procedure
A series of predetermined manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles.
Instrument flight rules
Rules that allow properly equipped aircraft to be flown under ‘instrument meteorological conditions’ (conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions)
Insulated joint
An insulated joint separates two adjacent pieces of rail track so that sensors can detect when a train moves from one section across the insulated joint to the other piece of track.
Integrated Rating
A crew member who can perform the functions and duties of a deck crew member on ships or a crew member in a manned engine room or periodically unmanned engine room
Interference fit
In this method, the fastening between the pintle and taper in the lower casting is achieved by friction after the parts are pushed together.
Interlocking
The design and arrangement of signalling equipment to prevent unsafe movements that could result in a collision.
Intermediate signal
A signal within an automatic signalling area used to keep trains travelling in the same direction safely separated by indicating proceed if the section ahead is clear or indicating stop if the section is occupied. These signals divide the line between stations into shorter sections and control the entry of trains into such sections.
Intermittent resistance
When there is temporarily no electrical connection, or weak electrical connection (high resistance), from one end of a wire to the other.
International Safety Management (ISM) Code
The ISM Code is the International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and Pollution Prevention, as adopted by the IMO assembly in November 1993. The ISM Code came into force in July 1998 and is part of the SOLAS Chapter IX - Management for the Safe Operation of Ships.
Inverter
An electrical device that converts direct current to alternating current
IPMux
Internet protocol multiplexer
IR
Integrated Rating
ISM Code
The International Safety Management Code is a set of guidelines established by the IMO for the Safe Operation of Ships and for the protection of the environment by shipowners and operators
ISM Code audit
A systematic, independent and documented process to verify whether a safety-management system complies with the requirements of the ISM Code.
Isobath
A line drawn on a chart for indicating the depth of water below the surface
ITD
Individual Train Detection
J
JARUS
Joint Authorities for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems
JC
Christchurch Hospital
JC
Christchurch Hospital
Jetty
Structure extending into water used as a landing stage
JL
Auckland Hospital
Jumper cable
Flexible cable bundles that run between rail vehicles. SRx carriages have: a 74VDC jumper, mainly used for driving control between the locomotive and SRV cabs; a 24VDC jumper used for carriage control (doors, alarms, park brakes, etc) and TMS; and a 400VAC jumper used for high-powered systems (carriage heaters, toilets, café appliances, etc).
Junction
A place at which two or more rail routes converge or diverge.
Junction points
A track component that provides a path for a wheel to transfer from one track to another.
Just culture
A just culture is a safety culture that promotes accountability and fairness. It encourages people to report errors and share information, without fear of blame or retribution, in order to improve safety performance. Globally, many safety-critical industries, such as aviation, maritime, oil and gas. and healthcare, promote just culture.
JVL
Johnsonville line
K
Karakia
A Māori incantation or prayer used to invoke spiritual guidance and protection.
Katabatic wind
A downslope wind generated when the air cools and becomes increasingly dense. Normally prevalent early in the morning after a cool night.
Keel
The draught at the bow and the stern are the same.
KHI
Kawasaki Heavy Industries (the helicopter manufacturer)
Kilometre mark
In railway terminology, the system of measuring track distance on the railway line. Rail workers use a kilometre mark to reference a specific location on the line.
KiwiRail
KiwiRail Limited
KiwiRail Learning Exchange (KLE)
A software tool used to manage certification currency and record the results of assessments.
KMC module
An electronic module on each locomotive of a train that monitors the current location of the train against the locations of worksites across New Zealand, which it receives over the mobile phone network. It is part of the eProtect system.
kN
Kilonewtons
Knot
A measurement of speed in nautical miles per hour, equivalent to 1.85 km/h.
Kort nozzle
A non-rotating nozzle fitted around a marine propeller, used to improve the efficiency of the propeller
kt
knot
L
Ladder
A point of access to a ship’s deck for shore personnel, accommodation ladders are rigged in the fore and aft direction of the ship and face astern
LAME
Licensed aircraft maintenance engineer
Landing gear
Sometimes termed undercarriage.
Landing phase
A lateral runway excursion off the side of a runway
Landslide
A landslide happens when a portion of earth moves down a hillside and causes debris to flow and build up.
Large passenger service vehicle
Any passenger service vehicle that is designed or adapted to carry more than 12 people (including the driver)
Laytime
Agreed time allowed for loading or unloading a ship
Lazarette
A large compartment below deck at the rear of the vessel used for stowage
LCRAG
Level Crossing Risk Assessment Guide
LCSIA
Level crossing safety impact assessment
LCSS
Level crossing safety score
Lead locomotive
The locomotive at the front in the direction of travel
Lead pilot
A designated senior pilot who supervises daily operations. A lead pilot is also responsible for assessing the suitability of weather for flying.
Lead-lag motion
Movement of a blade forward or aft, in the plane of rotation.
Leading lights
A pair of navigation marks that, when in line, indicate to a pilot that the ship is on track.
Leading line beacons
Fixed markers that are laterally displaced to allow a mariner to navigate a fixed course along the preferred route. When lit, they are also usable at night. Usually the rear mark is higher than the front mark (see Figure 1). The mariner will know the geometry of the marks/lights from the navigational chart and can understand that when ‘open’ (not one above the other) the vessel needs to be navigated to ‘close’ the marks (so one is above the other) and be in the preferred line of the channel
Leading marks
Navigation lights and beacons that, when in line, indicate a vessel is on the right track
Least material condition
The minimum amount of material a part can have and still meet dimensional tolerances. For external features this is the lower tolerance (smallest allowable) and for internal features (ie, holes) this is the upper tolerance (largest allowable).
LED
light emitting diode
Lee
The side of an obstacle that is sheltered from the wind.
Leeward side
The side sheltered from the wind, opposite to windward.
Left-hand circuit
A circuit in which each turn in the circuit pattern is to the left. In a right-hand circuit the turns are to the right
Level Crossing
Intersection where a railway and a road cross at the same level
Level flotation
Level flotation ensures a vessel’s ability to stay afloat and level with the waterline after a flooding and capsize event.
LGNZ
Local Government New Zealand
Licence holder
A person who is required to hold a licence under Section 15 of the Railways Act 2005 and has been granted a licence under Section 17 of the Railways Act 2005
Lifeboat
A ship’s small boat for use in an emergency
Lifeline automatic fire extinguisher system
Lifeline fire suppression systems had been designed for use in rally cars and vehicles participating in motor sport events.
Lifting (helicopter)
Bringing the helicopter into a hover and taxiing for the runway.
Lighterage
Transfer of cargo between a ship and a lighter vessel
Limit lines
Lines marked on the surfaces of roadways to indicate places where road traffic is required to stop for the purpose of complying with traffic signs and signals, including railway level crossings.
Limited Field of View (FOV)
While FOV is limited, because NVGs are helmet-mounted the user can move their head to scan a wider area. The total area that can physically be scanned is called field of regard (FOR) and is mainly dependent on the physiology of head movement and cockpit design (eg, seat location, blind spots etc).
Line
The horizontal or lateral position of a track measured on both rails.
Line flight
A flight undertaken by a trainee with a training captain at the completion of line training, to assess whether the trainee meets the standard required to fly unrestricted with the operator.
Line pilot
A pilot who flies routine flights, but does not train or check other pilots
Line Service Manager (LSM)
Manages and monitors the day-to-day train services across the rail network.
Line training
Line training is conducted for pilots new to aircraft types on operational flights by qualified training captains. The objective is for the pilots to achieve a level of competence to undertake line operations unsupervised.
Linehaul Operations Manager (LOM)
Manages day-to-day operations for locomotive engineers and operational issues.
Liner service
An international shipping service operating on fixed routes and schedules.
Liner Shipping
Regular service vessels operating on fixed routes and schedules
Linkspan
A type of drawbridge arrangement that connects a ship to the shore over the stern or bow.
List
A lean to one side caused by an uneven distribution of weights within a vessel
Live end (rope or cable)
The end of a rope that takes the load after being spliced or clamped with a ferrule.
Lo-Lo
Load-on load-off cargo handling using cranes
Load cell
The load cell presented a real-time weight of the load on the cargo hook to the pilot via a digital cockpit display.
Load Line
Mark indicating the maximum depth to which a ship may be safely loaded
Local Unit Orders
An Airways operational manual containing orders specific to the operation of a particular air traffic control unit
Lock-on frame
A metal frame device that contains numbered locations where individually assigned padlocks are attached, to signify that a padlock owner is occupying the Danger Area within a PWA. Before the RPO authorises personnel to leave the safe place, they must attach their RPO padlock to the lock-on frame handle. All personnel and visitors on site must then attach padlocks for themselves before leaving the safe place, and padlocks for any vehicles under their control that will foul the track. When clearing the track for a rail movement (train), personnel must secure vehicles under their control in a safe mode, clear of the track, before returning to the safe place and locking off. After removing their padlock, personnel must not foul the track until they are authorised to resume work by the RPO. The requirement to use the system was contained in KiwiRail’s Track Safety Rule 902(g).
Locking
The process of placing or removing protection padlocks in accordance with KiwiRail’s track safety rules (see Appendix 4).
Locking pin
Configured to be released by a manually operated handle that can be opened and closed with a locking pin within the body of the coupler head.
Locomotive
Self-propelled rail vehicle that provides motive power for a train
Locomotive engineer
Mainline train drivers are referred to by KiwiRail as locomotive engineers to reflect the required qualifications of the role.
Locomotive engineer minder
A person who is assigned to a trainee locomotive engineer to provide supervision and guidance while the trainee locomotive engineer drives the train.
Long final
Long final is an extension of the final leg, as depicted in Figure 4, and is effectively a straight-in approach to the runway
Long final leg
Joining the circuit by an extension of the final leg, effectively a straight-in approach.
Long-wheelbase track twists
Variations in cant over a base length of 12 m).
Loose-cargo-securing gear
Off-the-shelf equipment including, but not limited to, shackles, chain, hooks, connecting links, turnbuckles, binders, sheave blocks, and swivels used in an assembly to suspend, secure or lift a load
Loss of separation
This occurs when aircraft are separated both vertically and horizontally at less than the specified minimum for that controlled airspace.
Low gravity
(Sometimes called ‘reduced g’) an acceleration less than that due to the force of gravity.
Low water
The lowest level of water reached by a particular tide.
LTE
Loss of tail rotor effectiveness – when a tail rotor is unable to carry out its function, often because of adverse wind conditions. This term was first used by the US Army.
LYALL
The final approach waypoint, 6 nm from the threshold of Runway 34
M
M2000 Mechanical Code
Its purpose is to ensure that rail vehicles and associated equipment comply with the conditions of KiwiRail’s Rail Licence and National Rail System Standards (NRSS).
M8
A bolt that has a diameter of eight millimetres
Made fast
Secured to the port facility
Magneto
An engine-driven electrical generator that produces high voltage that forces a spark to jump across a spark plug gap in a cylinder. The engine is equipped with two magnetos; the engine’s right magneto has tachometer contact points that provide an engine RPM signal to the governor controller and engine tachometer.
MAIIF
Marine Accident Investigators’ International Forum (MAIIF) is an international non-profit organisation dedicated to the advancement of maritime safety and the prevention of marine pollution
Main deck
The main continuous deck of a vessel
Main line
In multiple-line areas, the up main line is generally used by rail traffic travelling in a northerly direction, whereas the down main line is used to travel in a southerly direction.
Main rotor disc
The area swept by the main rotor blades each revolution
Main rotor pitch change bearings
Main rotor pitch change bearings, commonly referred to as spindle bearings.
Main South Line
a 601-kilometre-long train line that runs from Lyttelton, near Christchurch, to Invercargill. The 0.00 km peg is at Lyttelton
Main undercarriage
A wheeled structure beneath an aircraft that supports the aircraft on the ground. Also known as the landing gear.
Main-engine sump
The internal space at the bottom of an engine where lubricating oil accumulates, or as in this case drains into the lube-oil tank below.
Maintenance provider
A person who provides maintenance services for any railway infrastructure or rail vehicle, whether or not that person engages rail personnel to do so on its behalf.
Man-cage
A man-cage is a small area on the top of the spreader that has a circular metal bar at approximately waist-height. Stevedores can stand on this part of the spreader and clip their harnesses on to the bar before being lifted up and down by the crane. Containers are not attached to the spreader when transporting stevedores in the man-cage.
Manifest
List of cargo passengers and crew carried by a vessel or aircraft
Manual control
The train control system provides the ability to activate certain level crossing alarms that were historically controlled by local signal boxes. With the closure of local signal boxes these locations can be controlled remotely from the train control centre in Wellington. Some level crossings do not require the ability to be activated remotely and rely on automatic activation by the approach of a train.
Manually operated points
A manually operated set of rail switches designed to divert rail vehicles from one line to another
Marinisation
Marinisation is the process of modifying or converting for marine use.
Maritime Transport Operator Plan (MTOP)
A comprehensive safety management plan that vessel operators must develop and maintain to ensure the safe operation of their vessels.
Mark up the site
To spray-paint the position of equipment or vehicles on the railway so that measurements can be taken once the equipment has been moved
MARPOL
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
Marshalling
Yard process of sorting and arranging rail wagons into trains
Mast
The main rotor driveshaft of a helicopter
Mast bumping
An event that results from contact between an inner part of a main rotor blade or rotor hub and the main rotor shaft.
Master
A licensed mariner who has command of a merchant vessel
Master caution light
A light on an instrument panel designed to gain a pilot’s attention and direction them to an area of concern.
Master/pilot exchange
A formal exchange of information between the master and the pilots on matters such as the ship’s characteristics, operational parameters and the pilots’ intended passage.
Maximum continuous rating
The maximum power output an engine can sustain continuously at safe limits and in safe conditions.
Maximum diversion time
The maximum flight time, calculated at the cruise speed in still air with one-engine inoperative, that a multi-engine, turbine powered aeroplane on extended diversion time operations may be from a suitable alternate aerodrome.
Maximum draught
Defined as the distance between the ship’s keel and the waterline of the vessel.
Maximum material condition
The maximum amount of material a part can have and still meet dimensional tolerances. For external features this is the upper tolerance (largest allowable) and for internal features (ie, holes) this is the lower tolerance (smallest allowable).
Maximum payload
The difference between the operating weight and the maximum all-up weight.
Maximum weight
Maximum weight is also known in New Zealand as the Maximum All Up Weight
Mayday call
The internationally recognised maritime distress call over radio communications used to indicate that a vessel, aircraft or person is in grave and imminent danger and requires immediate assistance
Mayday relay
A radio broadcast used to repeat a Mayday (distress) call or broadcast a Mayday call on behalf of a vessel in distress
MB
Mechanics Bay Heliport (Auckland)
MBB
Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm
MBL
Minimum breaking load
MBZ
Mandatory Broadcast Zone
MDF
Medium-density fibreboard
MEC3
Marine Engineering Class 3 [Certificate]
MEC5
Marine Engineering Class 5 [Certificate]
Medevac
Medevac is the transportation of patients from the accident site to a medical facility.
MeFlight
A pilot weather briefing service supplied by MetService
MEL
MEL is Minimum Equipment List for an aircraft to remain operational.
Memorandum of Understanding
A memorandum between countries by region to avoid ships undergoing undue repetitive PSC inspections in every country visited. These memorandums also provide mechanisms for other countries to follow up on deficiencies that have a future date by which they must be rectified.
Mental model
An internal representation of how an individual understands a particular situation to be. Representations develop from cues in the immediate environment as well as knowledge gained through training and experience.
MEOSAR
Medium-altitude earth orbit search and rescue satellite system for distress alerting and position determination of 406 MHz beacons.
Metal road
An unsealed or shingle road
METAR
Aviation routine weather report
Metroliner
A 19-seat twin-turboprop(ellor) aeroplane.
MetService
Meteorological Service of New Zealand.
MetSolutions
MetSolutions is contracted to KiwiRail to provide general weather updates three times a week and further alerts (escalated weather alerts) when severe weather is predicted.
Microlight
An aircraft that weighs less than 600 kilograms when fully loaded.
Micron
A metric unit of measurement equal to one-millionth of a metre
MIHO class
Refers to the Kokopo Chief and sister ships built at the Miho Zosen shipyard in Japan
Mimic screen
A mimic screen is a visual display of the train control system whereby the train controller commands the movement of points and the operation of signals.
Minima
Criteria used by pilots to determine if they can land or take-off from a runway. Consists of two parts: cloud base and visibility.
Minimum safe altitude
The lowest altitude which may be used which will provide a minimum clearance of 1,000 feet (300 m) above all objects located in the area contained within a sector of a circle of 46 km (25 nautical miles) radius centred on a radio aid to navigation (ICAO)
Mis 51
KiwiRail form issued as an operating instruction
Mis 71 pad
A Mis 71 pad contains printed forms to be completed for track occupation cross checks when requesting track time. KiwiRail has several different Mis (Miscellaneous) forms.
Mis.88
Name of form used by addressees to record details of track warrants
Missed approach
The phase of an instrument approach when an aircraft overshoots from the approach and climbs back to a safe altitude
MLW
Maximum Landing Weight of an aircraft
MNZ Recognised Surveyor
A person whose qualifications or certifications as a surveyor have been recognised by the Director of MNZ in accordance with section 41(2) of the Maritime Transport Act 1994.
Mobile track maintenance vehicles
Rail vehicles specifically designed and used for maintaining rail tracks (can also be referred to as rail maintenance vehicles or rail maintenance machines)
Mobile-plant controller
A person responsible for authorising the movements of mobile plant within a worksite
MONIM
Met Office Night Illumination Model
Monorail
A monorail overhead crane is a simple lifting device with one beam (rail) that has a hoist and trolley.
Monorail overhead crane
A simple lifting device with one beam (rail) that has a hoist and trolley
Monsoon bucket
A generic term to describe a bucket suspended beneath a helicopter, intended to carry and drop water as required. A vast number of different designs are utilised globally
Moor
To fix a floating vessel in place by attaching it to a structure or the earth using a flexible attachment such as rope or chain
Mooring
Securing a vessel to a fixed or floating object
Mooring winches
A mechanical device that is used to pull in or let out or otherwise adjust the tension of a rope or wire rope.
Morning civil twilight
When the centre of the rising sun’s disc is 6 degrees (°) below the horizon.
It is defined as the end of night in CARs Part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations
MOSS
Maritime Operator Safety System
MoT
Ministry of Transport
Motorsailer
A boat designed primarily as a motor launch but fitted with rigging and sails as an alternative means of propulsion.
MOU
Memorandum of Understanding
MPLS
Multi-protocol label switching
MSC
Maritime Safety Committee
MSC circular
A statutory document issued by IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee
MSCD
Minimum Safe Crewing Document
MSL
Main South Line
MTMVs
Mobile Track Maintenance Vehicles are large self-propelled machines that travel along the rail line to conduct maintenance work.
MTOC
Maritime Transport Operator Certificate
MTOP
Maritime Transport Operator Plan
MTOW
Maximum Takeoff Weight of an aircraft
Multiline
A line that incorporates an up and a down main line adjacent to each other
Multiple Unit
Train set with distributed traction across cars
N
Nacelles
A nacelle is the part of a wind turbine that houses the generating components and control electronics.
NAL
North Auckland line
NASO
National Ambulance Sector Office
National Air Desk
A coordination and tasking function, operated by Hato Hone St John, that provides oversight, dispatch and clinical support functions to air ambulance services.
National train control centre
The national train control centre is housed in Wellington Railway Station and is where train movements and track occupations are authorised by train controllers.
Nautical miles
1 nautical mile (NM) equals 1.85 kilometres (km)
Navigation officer
The deck officer responsible for planning navigation and maintaining the chart catalogue
Navigator
Database maintained by MNZ since 2010, which can be referenced by other surveyors for vessel survey history.
Navigatus
Real-time weather information in the vicinity of aerodromes, provided by Navigatus.aero
NE
North Shore Aerodrome (Auckland)
Network Control Manager
The Network Control Manager is a shift-working manager based in the train control centre who is responsible for activity on the rail network throughout the country.
New Zealand Waters
New Zealand waters means: (a) the territorial sea of New Zealand; (b) the internal waters of New Zealand; and (c) all rivers and other inland waters of New Zealand.
Newton
A newton is a unit of force, in this case used to describe the magnitude of buoyancy provided by a lifejacket
Night
As defined in Civil Aviation Rules (CARs) Part 1, night means the hours between:
(1) the end of evening civil twilight, which is when the centre of the setting sun’s disc is 6° below the horizon; and
(2) the beginning of morning civil twilight.
Night Vision Imaging System
A system that integrates all elements necessary for a pilot wearing night-vision goggles to operate an aircraft successfully and safely. Night Vision Imaging Systems allow a pilot to have enhanced vision while flying at night under visual meteorological conditions.
NIMT
North Island Main Trunk
NIWA
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric research
nm
Nautical mile
No-go zone
A way of visually representing an area the navigator does not want the vessel to enter
Noise abatement procedure
Prescribed procedures that are designed to reduce the effects of noise within the vicinity of an aerodrome.
Nominal rating (of a filter)
Diameter of the largest spherical particle which will pass through a fluid filter a defined percentage of the time
Non-interlocked
Sidings where points and signalling are hand operated and are not arranged to prevent conflicting movements.
Non-negative result
Indicating the possible presence of the substance being tested for, but not reliable as a final result and requiring laboratory analysis. If laboratory analysis confirms the presence of the substance it is referred to as a positive test result for that substance.
Non-precision approach
A non-precision instrument approach provides lateral guidance only; no vertical guidance.
Non-technical skills
Also known as soft skills, non-technical skills go beyond the technical skills directly related to performing specific tasks. The Railway Safety and Standards Board (RSSB, United Kingdom) lists them in categories that include situational awareness, self-management, cooperation with others, communication, conscientiousness and workload management.
Normalisation of deviance
A term used to describe a situation where operations outside of a rule or regulation become a standard practice or social norm within an organisation or industry.
North Island-based floating fleet
Fleet drivers and vehicles not based at a Mainfreight regional hub that conduct long-distance, point-to-point freight deliveries.
Northland Emergency Services Trust (NEST)
Northland Emergency Services Trust and Auckland Rescue Helicopter Trust had at the time merged to become one company, Northern Rescue Helicopter Limited (NRHL). However, they were still in the process of aligning the two previous entities operationally. For the purposes of this report, we have retained their original names for clarity of the narrative.
NOTAM
Notice to Airmen or Notice to Air Mission is a notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing information on the establishment of, condition of or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations.
NOTAR®
A helicopter system that avoids the use of a tail rotor
NP
New Plymouth Airport
Np/Nr
Np/Nr is the ratio of the engine turbine speed to the main rotor speed.
NR
Napier Airport
NS
Nelson Airport
NS
Nelson Airport
NTSB
National Transportation Safety Board
Number 1 Reach
A nautical term that can be used to describe a designated course for a vessel to follow in a channel.
NV
Invercargill
NVG
Night vision googles (NVGs) are an item of equipment that, together with other elements (such as aircraft lighting and approved operating procedures), form a night vision imaging system (NVIS).
NVIS
Night vision imaging system
NZAARS
New Zealand Aeromedical and Air Rescue Standard
NZFIR
New Zealand flight information region
NZST
New Zealand Standard Time
O
Object salience
That property by which something stands out, ie its importance relative to other objects.
OBL
Onehunga Branch Line
Occurence
An occurrence is an event that has been reported through a safety management system as a notification and classified in terms of a standard taxonomy.
OCIMF
Oil Companies International Marine Forum
OCS
Oceanic control service
OEM
Original Equipment Manufacturer
Off-track alert
An ECDIS alert that is triggered when a ship departs its planned track by a pre-designated distance.
Officer of the watch
A deck officer assigned the duties of watch-keeping and navigation on a vessel’s bridge
Offset
Reduced life limit for the engine
Oiler
A junior position within the vessel’s engineering team, responsible for general maintenance and cleaning.
Oily water separator
An oil-discharge monitoring, filtering and control system that ensures oil discharged to the sea does not exceed a rate of 15 parts per million.
OJT
On-the-job training
On-job training
On-job training spans the period when a trainee completes practical train driving training a minimum time period of 1040 hours before a full certification assessment can be conducted.
On-scene coordinator
Coordinator of all search and rescue assets at the scene. The RCC still retained responsibility for overall coordination of the search.
On-the-Job Training (OJT)
The placement of a trainee with a licensed practitioner in actual operations to carry out safety-critical tasks. The purpose of this training is for the trainee to gain exposure to a range of experiences and become fully competent in the designated tasks.
On-track
The term used to position a road rail vehicle known as a hi rail vehicle on a level crossing or track access site to engage the vehicle’s rail wheels with the track for rail operation.
On-tracked
The activity whereby the HRV transitions from the road onto the railway track by lowering the rail wheels. Off-tracking is the opposite action, from the railway track onto the road.
On/off track
The location where an HRV will on-track or off-track
Onboard service manager
The onboard service manager has overall responsibility for the conduct of the on-board service crews and the boarding and de-training of passengers.
Onboard Staff Manager (OSM)
Manages the onboard service on the train.
One-way grass strip
An airstrip that can only be used for taking off and landing from the same direction, in this case from the south.
OOW
Officer of the watch
Open boat
A boat not protected from the entry of water by means of a complete deck or by a combination of deck, weathertight superstructure and deckhouse.
Operating instruction
A method of authorising a train journey for use only on the Midland line
Operating weight of the helicopter
The empty weight of the helicopter with the spray system installed, plus the weight of the pilot and the fuel on board.
Operator
A person authorised to operate a mobile track-maintenance vehicle and who is in charge of the train or machine group.
Operator’s exposition
A manual that defines the organisation, identifies the approved senior persons and details the means of compliance with the CARs.
OpsSpec
Operations specification (USA)
Ordinary Safety Assessments (OSAs)
OSA is a safety assessment undertaken of all parts or any part of a rail participant’s rail activities to enable the Director of Land Transport to gain appropriate assurances that those rail activities will continue to be conducted safely or to determine the action that must be taken by the rail participant so that those assurances may be gained.
Ordinary Seaman (OS)
Seafarer, aged 18 or more, who has not qualified to be rated as an AB.
Organisational psychology
Organisational psychology is a branch of psychology that applies psychological theories and principles to organisations.
Orographic uplift
The process by which a mass of air is lifted by a geographical feature such as a line of hills or a mountain range.
OS
Ordinary seaman
Out of ground effect (OGE)
A helicopter is said to be OGE when the rotor downwash is no longer affected by the surface under it and more power is required to hover. This change occurs gradually at a height equivalent to about one rotor disc diameter.
Out of tolerance
Not within specific limits of measurement
Out short
Pull out a short distance and stop.
Outboard
Away from the centre of a ship
Outbound pilotage
The activity carried out by a pilot in assisting the master of a ship in navigation while entering or leaving a port.
Output shaft RPM
Engine output shaft speed, expressed as a percentage of revolutions per minute
Overfalls, eddies and breakers
A turbulent stretch of water caused by a strong current or tide over a submarine ridge, or by a meeting of currents
Overhead electrical traction power
25-kilovolt electrical wires used for providing power (traction) to electric trains. The wires are held aloft from the track by traction masts.
Overhead position
A pilot can join the circuit pattern at an unattended airfield by flying overhead the airfield at an altitude 500 ft above the circuit altitude so that they can assess the wind direction and circuit direction in use by other aircraft.
Overhead power lines
Overhead power lines operate with a current of 1500 volts, which powers the train as it operates under them. They are connected by the train’s adjustable pantograph to transfer the power to the train’s traction motor system.
Overlap
The section of line in advance of a stop signal that must be unoccupied.
Overrun
An aircraft departs the end of a runway
Overshoot
A discontinued approach to land
P
P&I club
A protection and indemnity insurance organisation
Padlock system
A KiwiRail safe-working system whereby visitors to a worksite must lock an individual padlock on to a frame upon entry. The worksite cannot be considered clear until all padlocks have been removed from the frame.
Painter
A rope connection between a strong point on the ship and the life raft
Pan-Pan
An international standard urgency signal given through radiotelephony message to indicate that a vessel may need urgent assistance.
Panama fairlead
A type of fairlead specifically designed for use when a vessel is being towed through the Panama Canal, but also used for routine mooring operations
Pantograph
Device on rail vehicles to collect power from overhead lines
Parachute assembly
Any parachute and its associated harness, container system and other component parts for use by people.
Parachute organisation
An organisation operating under Civil Aviation Rules Part 149 that is responsible for setting minimum standards of equipment, operations and competency for all parachute activities undertaken by its members
Parachute techinicians
People who have been checked as being competent in maintaining parachute equipment and issued with parachute technician licences.
Parbuckling
The righting of a capsized vessel using rotational leverage
Park brake
A device to secure a rail vehicle against movement applied once the vehicle is stationary.
Part
Loss of connection between two or more rail vehicles.
Part 115 parachute operation
An adventure aviation operation or company operating under CAA Rule Part 115 to provide commercial tandem parachute rides to the public. Each Part 115 parachute operation must also choose which Part 149 organisation it will operate under
Parted
Maritime term for the separation or breakage of a rope or cable
Passage plan
A navigation plan that can be executed from the departure port to the arrival port in a safe and efficient manner with respect to both the ship and the environment.
Passenger operator
A junior (often part-time) on-board services role on passenger services, primarily responsible for revenue collection.
Passive controls
Signs that control the movements of vehicles across a railway level crossing, requiring road users to comply with those signs and detect approaching trains by direct observation
Passive protection
Control of the movement of vehicular or pedestrian traffic across a railway level crossing by signs or devices, none of which are activated during the approach or passage of a train. It relies on the road user detecting the approach or presence of a train by direct observation.
Payload
Weight available for cargo passengers and baggage after fuel and crew
PCBU
Persons Conducting a Business or Undertaking
Pedestal
Tower of the crane that is fixed to the vessel’s deck
Pelagic
Of, relating to, or living or occurring in the open sea
Permit to enter
The necessary authority required for working in, or impacting on, KiwiRail rail operational areas, unless working under direct KiwiRail supervision
Personal locator beacon
A small emergency distress beacon that emits an ultra-high-frequency radio signal when activated. Search and rescue services use the signal to locate the beacon.
PF
pilot flying
PFD
Primary Flight Display
PIC
Pilots in command
PIL
Pacific International Lines
Pilot
A role defined in the operator’s Operations Manual as being responsible for daily management of pilots and ground crew and can task a pilot for flying duties.
Pilot (Marine)
A mariner who manoeuvres ships through dangerous or congested waters, such as harbours or river mouths (maritime pilot, marine pilot, harbour pilot, port pilot, ship pilot or simply pilot)
Pilot (Rail)
Guiding of a rail movement by a second person not in control of vehicle(s), generally performed when reversing.
Pilot flying
the pilot responsible for controlling the aeroplane
Pilot monitoring
The pilot responsible for monitoring the flight management and aeroplane control actions of the pilot flying, and carrying out support duties such as communications and checklist reading
Pilot Operating Handbook
A controlled document accessible to the pilot from within the cockpit to provide information including system descriptions, limitations, normal and emergency procedures
Pilot vessel
A small boat used for embarking and disembarking pilots
Pilot's Operating Handbook
A controlled document kept in the cockpit that provides information about the helicopter, including system description, limitations and normal and emergency procedures.
Pilotage
The activity carried out by a pilot assisting the master of a ship in navigation while entering or leaving a port.
Pilotage (marine)
The process of directing the movements of a ship by visual and/or electronic observations of recognisable landmarks and navigation marks.
Pilotage limit
The limit of the pilotage area within which compulsory pilotage applies. Defined in Maritime Rules Part 90: Pilotage.
Pilotage waters
Navigable waters in which a ship is usually required to use the services of a maritime pilot
Piloted
Provided line of sight vision for the Operator/Locomotive Engineer, ensuring the safety of a movement.
Piloting duties
Giving information and direction to the locomotive engineer
Pilots’ controls
Control column and rudder pedals
Pintle
A metal pin attached to the rudder used as a pivot point, allowing the rudder to turn.
Pitch control links
Part of a mechanical linkage that converted movement of the pilot’s foot pedals into a change in the angle of the tail rotor blades. This enabled control of the amount of tail rotor thrust being produced.
Pitch links
The pitch links, one for each main rotor blade, control the pitch angle of the blades.
Plastic deformation
Plastic deformation is a process in which an object, as a result of applied force, changes its size or shape in a way that is not reversible.
PM
Pilot monitoring - the person responsible for monitoring the course of the flight and radio communications with ATC, flight attendants and passengers.
Pneumatic manifold
A junction point for the distribution of gases used to provide pneumatic power
POAL
Ports of Auckland Limited
Point lever
A manually operated lever that moves the points (movable part of the track that guides rail traffic from one track to another). Points can be set at normal or reverse, dependent on what direction is required for rail traffic.
Point levers
A manually operated lever that moves the points (movable part of the track that guides rail traffic from one track to another). Points can be set at normal or reverse, dependent on what direction is required for rail traffic.
Points
Points can be in either ‘Reverse’ or ‘Normal’. Reverse is the position of points set for a less commonly used route. Normal is the position of points set for a more commonly used route, usually straight running.
Points isolated
Manually disconnected the points from automatic operation. Points need to be manually operated when in the isolated state.
Points machines
Machines that move points to guide trains towards either the straight (Normal) or diversion (Reverse) track.
Pontoon boat
A rigid-hulled collared vessel that has alloy buoyancy chambers around the periphery of the hull.
Poop deck
A short, high deck located at the stern of a ship
Porosity
A type of weld defect that refers to the entrapment of external gases in a welded joint, creating cavities, holes and pits in the weld material
Port
The side of a vessel that is left when facing forward
Port Call
Visit of a vessel to a port for operations and services
Port pontoon
Alloy buoyancy chamber around the periphery of the hull
Port quarter
The aft quadrant of the port side of the vessel
Port state
The country that holds jurisdiction over the port concerned
Port State Control
Inspection of foreign ships in national ports for compliance
Port State Control (PSC) inspections
Refers to an internationally accepted regime under which administrations of countries can conduct inspections of visiting ships that are registered in other countries.
Port swing
A progressive change in heading to port or starboard
Portable fire extinguisher
A handheld active fire protection device usually filled with a dry chemical used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergencies.
Portable Pilot Unit
A portable navigation support system specifically designed for maritime pilots
Portable pilot unit (PPU)
A portable computer device that hosts a self-contained navigation system.
Portholes
Small windows on the outside of the ship.
Position
Position refers to position in the circuit, e.g. downwind or final. Some pilots add their sequence in the circuit pattern to their radio calls to enhance situational awareness for other pilots in the circuit.
Power generator sets
The inspection and maintenance of the power generator set every 500 operating hours was independent of the inspection and maintenance checks of the wagon itself.
Power supply system
Two separate power supply systems A and B. Each system includes electrical mains power supply, reserve mains power supply, uninterruptable power supply and a backup diesel generator
Power-connection lead
Supplies power to the train’s electrical equipment from an onboard generator.
PP
Paraparaumu Airport
PP
Paraparaumu Airport
PPL
Private pilot licence
PPL(G)
Private pilot glider licence
Pre work meeting form
A formal risk assessment to evaluate and manage risks associated with an activity
Pre-flight inspection
An inspection of an aircraft before flight.
Pre-tension
The action of tightening a bolt or stud so that a high tension is developed. The magnitude of pre-tension is measured via the torque applied to the nut, hence the pre-tension specified by the manufacturer is given as magnitude of torque and varies depending on several criteria. The plates of the connection are thus clamped together and shear transfer between the plates is achieved through friction.
Precision approach
Instrument approach and landing procedure using precision lateral and vertical guidance.
Preventive risk control
Risk controls are preventive if they stop events occurring, while mitigation controls are those that attempt to limit the extent of harm or the consequences of unwanted events.
Primary suspension
Suspension between wheelsets and the bogie frame.
Priority one job
A condition requiring urgent rectification as it has already disrupted or could potentially disrupt rail operations.
Proceed signal
A signal aspect that authorises a train to pass the signal.
Project cargoes
A term used broadly to describe large, heavy, high-value pieces of equipment, often associated with large capital projects such as those involving plant and wind-farm machinery.
Propelling wagons
Rail movement whereby the locomotive is at the rear and pushes the train ahead.
Protected work area
A section of line or lines where rail personnel are carrying out activities using an approved protection method
Protected Work Area (PWA)
A section of line or lines where rail personnel carry out activities using an approved protection method
Protected Work Area Logbook
A record required to be completed when undertaking protection duties using compulsory-stop protection
Protection arrangement
The safe-work method used to protect track workers from rail movements through the worksite
PSAP
Public service answering point
PSC
Port State Control
Pull-apart
A situation that happens when two sections of rail separate at a rail joint
Push-pull
Train operation where a driving trailer car, fitted with cab controls, is remotely connected to a locomotive at the opposing train. Allows the train to be driven from the locomotive end (‘pull’ operation) or the driving trailer end (‘push’ operation).
Push-pull mode
Where a locomotive at one end of a train is connected via controls to an unpowered vehicle equipped with a control cab at the other end of the train.
Pushback
Procedure of moving an aircraft backward from the stand using a tug
PWA
Protected Work Area
Pyrophoric action
Pyrophoric action is the spontaneous ignition of something on exposure to the air.
Q
QAC
Queenstown Airport Corporation
QMUG
Queenstown Milford User Group
QN
Queenstown Airport
QN
Queenstown Airport
QNH
The pressure set on the subscale of the altimeter so that the instrument indicates its height above sea level. Q-Codes are a standard set of three letter codes starting with the letter Q, each with a specific meaning.
Quarter
The aft quadrant of the vessel from beam to stern.
Quay
Structure built parallel to the shore for loading and unloading vessels
Queenstown Flight Information Region
A defined airspace area established by an aviation authority to provide flight information services and ensure the safe and efficient flow of air traffic.
Quest Integrity
Quest Integrity provides industrial inspection and product failure analysis services.
R
RA
Resolution Advisory
Radio altimeter
An electronic device capable of measuring the height of an aircraft above the terrain immediately below it. The radio (or radar) altimeter is independent from the barometric altimeter system.
The radio altimeter does not use air pressure. It measures the height above the surface below using a radio signal reflected from that surface. The manually set reference height with the height setting bug, activates an alert when the aircraft descends below that setting.
Radio emergency response alerts
Automatic radio emergency response alerts are sent to train control when brakes are placed in the emergency position or the braking system loses air.
Raft-up
Raft-up means to secure one vessel to another, with the vessels arranged side by side so that a person can walk between them.
Rafted up
The term used to describe multiple vessels tied together
Rail access provider
Person who controls the use of a railway line by rail operators (including that person if it is also a rail operator)
Rail bridge
Rail bridges are numbered throughout the rail network; they also outline the track meterage on small white sign plaques located at each end of the bridge supports.
Rail corridor
The land between the legal boundaries of railway land or land within 3 metres (m) of the centreline of any operational track where the land boundary is less than this distance.
Rail formation
The structured base on which a track is built, usually consisting of impacted earth and ballast. The formation is designed to support the track and prevent it moving.
Rail head
The bulbous upper part of a rail section.
Rail Incident Co-ordinator (RIC)
Deployed to control and monitor accidents or incidents to ensure the recovery is completed safely and details of the occurrence are recorded for reporting and investigation purposes.
Rail linkspan
A rail or road bridge connecting a ship to the shore, used for loading and discharging rail and road vehicles.
Rail Medical Officer
A qualified GP engaged by KiwiRail to complete medical assessments of employees and prospective employees in a specific locale.
Rail movement
The operation on rail of rail traffic
Rail operator
Provides or operates a rail vehicle, whether or not it engages rail personnel to do so, or to assist in doing so, on its behalf. It does not include those rail personnel.
Rail participant
Section 4 of the Railways Act 2005 defines a rail participant to mean any of the following:
(a) an infrastructure owner
(b) a rail vehicle owner
(c) a railway premises owner
(d) a rail access provider
(e) a rail operator
(f) a network controller
(g) a maintenance provider
(h) a railway premises manager
(i) any other class of person prescribed as a rail participant by regulations.
Rail personnel
In relation to a rail participant, means an individual engaged by the rail participant or by an agent or contractor of the rail participant, whether as an employee, agent, contractor, or volunteer, for the purposes of carrying out, or assisting in carrying out, rail activities of the rail participant.
Rail protection officer
The person in a work group who is responsible for all those working at the worksite. They authorise worker access to the track and trains to pass through the worksite once the track is confirmed clear as required
Rail Protection Officer (RPO)
A person with overall responsibility for providing rail protection for a PWA. They advise all site protectors and operators/drivers of the details of the protection arrangements before commencing work or entering the PWA, authorise movements to enter or proceed through the PWA, co-ordinate the movement of rail vehicles in the PWA, and communicate with train control and supervise site protectors when more than one worksite is operating. The RPO’s name and contact details are shown on the Daily Information Bulletin, which details the locations and operating times of worksites around the rail network.
Rail protection officers (RPOs)
An RPO is a person qualified to establish track protection for a protected work area.
Rail wagons
Railway vehicles used for transporting goods and equipment.
Railhead
The uppermost part of a track that provides a surface for train wheels to roll over.
Rake
A group of vehicles, usually not formed as a train, moved as a unit during shunting and marshalling.
Rakes of wagons
Railway terminology for a series of wagons to be coupled together in preparation for moving.
Ramp
Area of an airport where aircraft are parked loaded fueled or boarded
Raster navigational chart
Essentially an image or a photo of a paper chart
Rate of turn
A turn accomplished at 3° per second (180° per minute), and the maximum recommended rate of turn when flying with sole reference to instruments. Also known as a standard turn
Ratings (gliding)
Glider pilot ratings, such as an instructor or passenger rating, issued by GNZ under a delegated authority from the CAA
RCA
Road controlling authority
RCC
Rescue Coordination Centre
RCCNZ
Rescue Coordination Centre New Zealand
RCO
Remote control operator
Re-shimmed
Clearances were corrected using very thin spacers or wedges.
Read across error
An error in which a signal on an adjacent parallel track is mistaken for a signal for authority to proceed.
Reamer bolts
A type of fastener designed for use in high-torque systems. A reamer bolt has a smooth, cylindrical shank that fits tightly into a corresponding hole, ensuring minimal movement and high precision.
Recency bias
Recency bias is the tendency to weigh recent events more heavily than earlier events.
Rectifier
An electrical device that converts alternating current into direct current by allowing a current to flow through it in one direction only.
Recycle landing gear
Select the landing gear up and then down.
Reduced overlap
An overlap that is shorter than the minimum permitted length of a full overlap.
Refuge cassette
The structure attached to the platform of a wagon.
Refuge wagon
Rail wagon that provides a protected area from which a rail operator can direct the locomotive engineer.
Regulator
A machine used to shape and distribute the ballast after it has been tamped.
Relay train
A relay train is one that is being moved into or out of service either to or from a storage or servicing facility to deal with differences in peak and off-peak demands.
Remote aerodrome
Any structure or any area of land or water used for take-off or landing
Remote control operator
The operator of a shunt locomotive. The locomotive is controlled by the operator, who stands in a protected area at the front of the locomotive using a remote control unit.
Remote-control pack
A system that sent operating commands using a radio link between the RCO and the locomotive
Rendering load
A load applied to the mooring winch which, when the brake is applied, causes the drum to rotate in the direction opposite to the driving torque.
Reporting point
Sometimes termed waypoints. Reporting points can be compulsory or non-compulsory
Resolution advisory
an indication given to flight crew recommending a manoeuvre intended to provide separation from all threats; or a manoeuvre restriction intended to maintain existing separation
Resonant frequency
The natural vibrating frequency of an object.
Response plan
A guided document outlining the process and established procedures for people to follow in situations such as incidents or accidents.
Restricted inshore limits
Inshore limit encompasses ‘water closely adjacent to sheltered waters’
Retro-reflective
Reflects light back to its source instead of reflecting away in another direction.
Reverse bucket
A deflector that can be lowered into the jet stream to reverse the direction of thrust.
Review of airworthiness
An inspection of the aircraft and associated maintenance documentation to ensure that the aircraft is in an airworthy condition
RHIB
Rigid hull inflatable boat
Rib wall
A fabric rib wall between two cells within a ram-air parachute canopy. Loaded walls are connected to a suspension line, while unloaded rib walls are not.
Rigging
Setting up a device or equipment
Right-hand line twist
The described line-twist direction is relative to the parachutists, so a left-turning canopy is the same as the parachutists spinning to their right, creating a right-hand twist.
Rigid hulled inflatable boat
a vessel with a rigid hull that has an inflatable collar, which is typically
used as tenders or fast rescue craft for larger vessels
Ring-fenced certificates
A regulatory framework that permits mariners with legacy certifications to retain their credentials, thereby avoiding the expense of transitioning to a new qualification, these certificates are not STCW aligned.
Rip line
This collapses the vent, allowing hot air to escape and causing a rapid deflation of the envelope. The term rip line is used in this report as it is the common ballooning term for the control that rapidly deflates the balloon on landing. The rip line was solid red in colour to differentiate it from other control lines.
Risk control plan
Documentation relating to Fulton Hogan’s internal processes of documenting and managing risks on a worksite, incidental to the Rail Protection Officer’s duties
Risk-triggered commentary train driving
Risk-triggered commentary train driving provides a methodology for drivers to improve their retention in working memory of safety-critical information and to check their intended actions against retained knowledge and long-term memory.
RNAV
Area navigation allowing aircraft to fly any desired path within coverage
RNIP
Rail Network Investment Programme
RNP
Required Navigation Performance specifying accuracy and integrity requirements
RNR Project
Rail Network Rebuild project
RNZN
Royal New Zealand Navy
RO
Rotorua Airport
Ro-Ro
Roll-on roll-off ships designed to carry wheeled cargo
Road controlling authority
The authority, body or other person that has control of a road; and includes a person acting under, and within the terms of, any delegation or authorisation given by that authority, body or other person
Roads
Roadstead or anchoring ground; a sheltered body of water near the shore where a vessel can lie reasonably safely at anchor.
ROC
Rail Operating Code
Rocking speed
The speed at the boundary of stable and unstable bogie running.
Rocking test
A rocking test checks the condition of the slew bearing of the crane, ensuring that it is not becoming worn because of insufficient greasing.
Roll-by inspection
A visual and aural inspection of a moving train to detect faults such as insecure loads and damaged wheels.
Roll-by train inspection
An inspection intended to detect rail vehicle irregularities that are not so apparent when the vehicle is stationary. Potential irregularities include wheels derailed during the loading process, loose backing rings or hot bearings, skids or flat spots on wheels, and dragging equipment.
Roller fairlead
A type of fairlead designed to reduce the amount of friction on a rope
Rolling
Taking off
ROO
Regional Operations Officer (three in total – Northern, Central and Southern)
Rotor overspeed
Is when the rotor speed exceeds the stipulated maximum operational limit.
Rotowink
A pneumatic device that provides visual indication of the presence or absence of pressure above a set threshold
Rounds of the deck
Routine check of current operations.
Route indicator
An illuminated display typically found below the signal heads that tell the driver which route the train is taking, displayed with one or two characters. The meaning of the characters is specific to each signal, but usually follows conventions such as ‘D’ for Down Main
RPAS
remotely piloted aircraft system
RPM
Revolutions per minute
RPO
Rail Protection Officer
RT
Rotorua Airport
RTCA
Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics
Rudder
The rudder is located on the vertical fin (tail) and cause an aeroplane to yaw left or right about its vertical axis.
Rudder control yaw damper
A device used to reduce (dampen) yawing and rolling motions in flight.
Rudder palm
A horizontal coupling plate that connects the rudder blade to the rudder stock.
Rudder pintle
A metal pin attached to the rudder used as a pivot point, allowing the rudder to turn.
Rudder stock
A solid shaft that connects the rudder blade to the ship’s internal steering mechanism.
Run-on landing
A landing with significant forward motion, as opposed to a landing from a hover. After touchdown, forward motion is maintained until ground friction brings the helicopter to a halt. It is generally used when there is insufficient power to sustain a hover.
Run-through
A run-through is an unintended movement of a rail vehicle through a set of points in the trailing direction when the points are set against the movement being carried out.
Rūnanga
Te Rūnanga o Kaikōura is the tribal council for the hapu of Ngāti Kuri
Runner wagon
A specialised wagon, classified as EUF class, that is attached to a shunt locomotive to aid the loading and discharge process.
Running capability
Where passenger-initiated emergency brake applications can be overridden by the train driver. Used to avoid bringing trains to a stop in areas where it is unsafe to do so.
Runway
Defined rectangular area for aircraft takeoff and landing
Runway 18 Left
A runway aligned due south at 180 degrees magnetic, and the left-hand runway of two parallel runways. Runway 18R (18R) is the right-hand runway
S
S-class carriage
An “S” (Scenic) class carriage is a corridor-type passenger carriage.
Safe place
A place where people and equipment cannot be struck by passing rail traffic.
Safe Working Authority (SWA)
A form used to authorise rail traffic movements not otherwise permitted under the normal system of safe working.
Safety case
A comprehensive document that outlines the safety risks associated with a system or installation and explains how these risks are managed
Safety moment
Discussion and reflection on a health and safety topic or news.
Safety observation assessment
An eight-monthly observation conducted by a certified assessor to review the practical competence of a rail staff member.
Safety observations
‘In the field assessments’ of rail personnel applying practical skills to activities specified in their licences to operate
Safety overlap
The section of track beyond a signal that is considered to be part of the track before the signal, and acts as a safety buffer in which a SPAD train can safely stop
Safety system
A written record of all the management and operational policies and practices that relate to the safe conduct of rail activities, including the operational and training manuals.
Safety-critical
Activities that, if not performed correctly, could lead to serious harm or injury.
Safety-critical activities
Activities that, if not performed correctly, could lead to serious harm or injury.
Safety-critical workers
A worker whose action or inaction may lead directly to a serious incident affecting the public or the rail network.
Safety-observation assessment
An assessment, carried out by certified rail personnel, to ensure locomotive engineers complete various tasks correctly in order to maintain their licence to operate train services.
SAO
Safe Act Observation
SAPB
Spring-applied park brake
SAR
Search and rescue
Satellite constellation
A medium Earth orbit, search and rescue satellite constellation operated by the International Cospas-Sarsat Programme.
See https://nzsar.govt.nz/training-resources/start/sar-coordination-and-support/start-module-1
Satphone
A satellite telephone installed on all the operator’s aircraft as the primary means of communication with the OCC.
Say again
“Say again” is a standard radio transmission made when one station has not heard or understood a transmission and requests a repeat of the transmission, while “barely readable” is an assessment on the legibility of a transmission.
Scavenging
’Scavenging‘ is the removal of exhaust gases from an engine cylinder by blowing in fresh air. A scavenge limiter monitors the scavenge air pressure and prevents the admission of fuel into the engine. Cancelling the scavenge limiter effectively reduces the fuel/air ratio efficiency of the engine, but increases engine torque output.
Scientific buoys
Scientific buoys used to record weather conditions at sea level.
Sea Lane
Regularly used maritime route for vessels
Sealant
Sealant is a material placed between connecting surfaces and is designed to prevent leakage whilst being subjected to pressure. A sealant may be applied to the surfaces in liquid form.
Seaward
Towards the sea, away from land
Seaworthy
Broadly, to be described as seaworthy a “ship must be in a fit state as to repairs, equipment, and crew, and in all other respects to encounter the ordinary perils of the voyage” (as explained by Parke, B in Dixon v Sadler [1839] 5 M&W 405). Alternatively, the ship must meet “that degree of fitness which an ordinary careful and prudent owner would require [his/her] vessel to have at the commencement of [his/her] voyage having regard to all probable circumstances of it” (see Channel J in McFadden v Blue Star Line [1905] 1 KB 697 at 706).
Secondary protection
An additional protection method, used in multi-worksite protected work areas.
Secondary suspension
Suspension between the bogie frame and vehicle body.
Sector
A sector is one flight from a departure point to a destination point.
Securing the tugs
To secure a tug, the ship takes a line from the tug and secures it to the bitts (a pair of posts on the deck of a ship for fastening cables and ropes).
Selcalled
A function of KiwiRail’s radio system that sends an audible alert and caller identifying information to a train control radio display. When radio traffic is busy, this function allows the train controller to prioritise the order of communication and selectively call back as required.
Self-venting fuel cap
Fuel cap with an integrated breather: the vented cap allows for air to come into the tank as fuel is consumed and levels drop, as well as allowing for air to escape via a surge plug.
Semi-Permanent Bulletin
A document used by KiwiRail to disseminate instructions that will apply until they are cancelled or made permanent rules
Semi-permanent couplers
The coupler interconnects into a pneumatic connection and is released through an in-cab electrical circuit.
SEND
Satellite Emergency Notification Device
Senior person
The Operations Manual Part A Section 1.1 list the individuals who have been nominated by the operator as Senior persons for specific designated roles, and these must be individually approved by the CAA.
Service director
The senior cabin crew person.
Service life
Finite or safe life is a usage limit specified for a component, in hours or calendar time, after which time it must be discarded. It is significantly lower than the fatigue life to ensure that the component will not fail in service.
Service speed
The normal operating speed of the vessel while in service
Servo
A servo is a hydraulic actuator that assists the movement of a mechanism.
Setback
To move a train backwards (reverse) a short distance
SFAIRP
So Far As Is Reasonably Practicable
SFV
Skipper Fishing Vessel – Limited
SFV-U
Skipper Fishing Vessel – Unlimited
Shackle
One shackle is a length of anchor chain equal to 27.4 m
Shakedown voyage
A preliminary trip during which adjustments can be made to improve a vessel’s functionality and efficiency and bring it to a satisfactory state for entering its operational phase.
Shank
That portion of the blade inserted into the turbine disk
Sheave
A grooved wheel that spins on an axle, often used for changing the direction of a wire rope and to lessen the effects of friction
Shims
A washer or thin strip of material used to align parts, make them fit or reduce wear.
Shiplift
A system of platforms and electro-mechanical hoists used to lift a vessel as it is moved between the water and land.
Shipping agent
Person who acts for one or more of the parties with an interest in the vessel charter; the same agent may act on behalf of the ship owner and the charterer
Shoal
A natural submerged ridge, bank or bar that consists of, or is covered by, sand or other unconsolidated material and rises from the seabed to near the surface. A shoal is a navigational hazard.
Shoe piece
A structural member of the stern frame.
Shooting the net
Deploying the net to start fishing
Short-stacking
A hazard condition that exists when stacking distance is limited
Shroud
Shrouds (also known as ‘visors’) are fitted to signals to improve visibility in bright sun.
Shunt
A generic term for the movement of locomotives, wagons and carriages using a purpose-built railway engine (shunt)
Shunt locomotive
A locomotive used solely for the movement of vehicles in a yard or terminal.
Shunting
Movement of rail vehicles for formation or positioning of trains
Shunting movements
The positioning and connecting of rail vehicles or wagons together or disconnecting them.
SIB
Soft inflatable boat
SID
Standard Instrument Departure procedure from an aerodrome
Siding
Low-speed track section used for loading unloading or passing
Sidings
Sections of track clear of the main line and main line crossing loops.
Sighting distance
The distance from a signal to its sighting point. The sighting distance is designed for 12 seconds’ uninterrupted at maximum train approach speed, but 10 seconds is the absolute minimum in difficult situations
Signal
A line side device that displays the movement authority to proceed to a train driver
Signal alert alarm
A visual light and an audible alarm that can be set by the driver when passing a caution (Yellow) signal as a reminder that the next signal is likely to be a stop signal. It can also be activated by the eProtect system when approaching a compulsory-stop-board-protected worksite.
Signal Alert button
A button fitted to Matangi trains that illuminates when pressed. After the train has moved 50 metres from the point the button was pressed an audible alarm sounds and the button flashes until the button is pressed to cancel the alert. The button can be pressed multiple times as required.
Signal aspect
A combination of coloured lights a train driver sees, conveyed by the position of the lights relative to each other and the combination of colours or flashing colours.
Signal box
A building that houses one or more signallers and equipment used for the control of points and signals, and communication with other signallers.
Signal trips
A signal trip is an arm which automatically raises when a signal is at ‘All Red – Stop’. It catches on the brake trip lever mounted low on the side of a train and automatically applies the train brakes if the train passes a signal at red.
Signaller
A person engaged in operating a signal box or the operational supervision of a signalling system.
Signalling and Interlocking Arrangements
A general term applied to the controlling of the setting and releasing of ‘signals’ and ‘points’ to prevent unsafe
conditions arising.
Signals maintainer
A person qualified in repairing and maintaining railway signaling equipment, including signals and points.
Signals technician
A person qualified in repairing and maintaining railway signalling equipment, including signals and points. Of the two technicians referred to in this report, one specialised in signals maintenance while the other was a communications specialist who was assisting the signals technician. For the purposes of this report, both are collectively referred to as signals technicians as that was the nature of the work being performed.
Signal gantry
A framework suspended across train tracks upon which signals can be mounted.
Signal Passed at Danger (SPAD)
Passing a Red–Stop signal without authorisation.
Signed off
Paid off or departed from the vessel, usually to go home
Significant wave height
The average wave height, from trough to crest, of the highest one-third of the measured or observed waves.
Simulated flight
Simulated flight in instrument meteorological conditions by restricting the pilot’s view outside and with a safety pilot for aircraft separation.
Simulated in flight
Simulated in flight with a safety pilot present, but without entering instrument meteorological conditions
Single buoy mooring
An anchored float which a vessel can moor itself to
Single slip switch
A mechanical installation that enables rail traffic to be guided from one track to another from a single adjacent track.
Sink
Sink is the opposite of lift. It is air flowing downwards towards the ground.
Site protector
A site protector is a person with similar responsibilities to those of an RPO but responsible for the safety of equipment and personnel at a single worksite within a PWA. They liaise with the RPO on movements through the PWA to confirm all equipment and personnel are clear of the rail lines.
Site Protector (SP)
The person responsible for all personnel and equipment in a worksite, and who reports to the RPO.
Situational awareness
Situational awareness relates to an individual’s understanding of their surroundings. This includes their perception of data from their environment, comprehension of the meaning and significance of the situation, and projection to future states and events.
Skid site
A cleared area within a forest where harvested logs are processed and loaded onto trucks for transport to a port or mill.
Skills
Skills are activities that have been either learnt or acquired and result in a predictable and often better outcome.
Skipper
The captain of a boat or ship
Skipper Restricted Limits certificate
Endorsed for up to 24-metre vessels.
Sky glow
Effects of solar light present in the sky until the sun is approximately 18 degrees below the horizon.
Skyhook
A proprietary hook device that allows a tension load to be applied in one direction but that will release if the load is applied in the opposite direction
Slack water
The time at which the tidal flow changes direction, in this case from flood to ebb, during which there is a short period when there is little or no tidal current.
Slave latch block
The latch block to which the handle is attached is considered the master and the other three are termed slaves.
Sleeper
Transverse support for rails distributing loads to ballast
Slew
Movement of the crane boom in the horizontal plane.
Slider
A fabric rectangle with eyelets where the suspension lines pass through to the canopy. The slider holds the lines together as a parachute opens to slow the inflation rate. It slides down and rests on the risers when the canopy is fully inflated (see Appendix 2).
Slight seas
Waves caused by 15 kt wind in the immediate vicinity, typically about 0.5 m high but can occasionally rise to
1.5 m
Slings
Loops of synthetic webbing material used to lift loads.
Slip
In regions with hilly or mountainous terrain, a ‘slip’ refers to rockfalls or landslides that may endanger railway activities.
Slip-detector alarm
In regions with hilly or mountainous terrain, a ‘slip’ refers to rockfalls or landslides that may endanger railway activities. Slip detectors within this context are trackside equipment designed to detect rockfalls or landslides and initiate an alert and provide details of the location to the responsible rail personnel.
SLM
Senior Launch Master
Slot
Allocated time window for aircraft takeoff or landing
Slowdown alarm
Sensors attached to the engine detect certain issues and trigger a response in the engine that automatically slows the engine down to protect it from damage.
Smoulder
A burning process that normally includes a thermal decomposition step to create a char, followed by self-sustained burning of the char itself
SMS
Safety Management System
Snatch blocks
A snatch block is a block that can be opened on one side to receive a bight of rope.
SOLAS
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
SOLAS Convention
International Maritime Organization’s International Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea governing maritime safety
Sonar
A system for the detection of objects under water.
SOP
Standard Operating Procedure
Sounding
Measurement of depth of water or tank liquid level
Sounding line
A line joining areas of equal depth on a marine navigation chart.
SPA
Specific approvals (European Union)
SPAD
Rail terminology for the act of a signal having been passed at danger. This occurs when a train should have stopped for a red signal but has continued past it.
SPAD A
When a train passes a perfectly displayed STOP signal without authorisation.
Spar
A primary structural member
Special Bulletin
An internal memorandum issued to KiwiRail staff containing information and instructions temporarily altering a normal method of operation.
Specific gravity
The relative density of a substance, usually compared to water. For example, a substance with a specific gravity of 1 has the same density as water, and 1.5 would be one and a half times the density of water.
Speed boards
Trackside equipment displaying the maximum speed for that section of track.
Speed indicator
A numeric indicator illuminated to advise the safe speed for the route set. Normally associated with a warner route (a specific type of route provided at some signals, selected by the signaller, where the full overlap of a signal may not be available).
Speed restriction
A temporary reduction in line speed. The details of the speed, location of the restriction and reason are provided to drivers in a daily speed restriction bulletin
Spidertracks
A satellite flight data tracking device made by Spidertracks Limited.
Spin manoeuvre
A high-speed manoeuvre where the boat’s engine throttle is cut, the steering is turned sharply and the throttle is opened again, causing the boat to spin quickly around with a large spray of water.
Spiny dogfish
A small species of shark found throughout the seas surrounding the southern half of New Zealand; taken as bycatch they are considered a nuisance, as they can severely hamper fishing operations when they become fouled in fishing nets.
Spline
A spline is a rectangular key fitting into grooves in the hub and shaft of a wheel, especially one formed integrally with the shaft, which allows movement of the wheel on the shaft.
Sprag clutch
An overrunning sprag clutch automatically disengages the engine from the rotor when the engine RPM is less than the rotor RPM.
Spring
A mooring rope leading forward or aft to help reduce the movement of a vessel in a forward or aft direction
Spring lines
Mooring lines leading in a nearly fore and aft direction, the purpose of which is to prevent longitudinal movement of the ship while in berth
Spring pack
The damping system that absorbs in-train forces to the carriage-coupler connections
Squat
When a vessel moves through shallow water, some of the displaced water rushes under the vessel to rise again at the stern. This decreases the upward pressure on the hull, making the vessel sink deeper in the water than normal and slowing the vessel. Squat increases with the speed of the vessel
SRL
Skipper Restricted Limit
SRx
Class of rail carriage created from an upgrade and refurbishment of older SA/SD class carriages. SRx encompasses three types: SR, SRC and SRV class carriages
SSSS
Site-specific safety score
Stabilised approach
The stabilised approach, based on aviation practices, has been developed by RSSB into the non-technical skills training as the Observe, Understand, Decide and Act model.
Stable
To park track machines, rail vehicles and trains whilst they are not in use, typically overnight, or until they are next needed. The vehicles are placed out of service, made inaccessible to the public and usually have all systems on them switched off
Stacking distance
The distance between a road intersection limit line and a railway level crossing.
Stall
The point when the angle between the relative airflow into the parachute canopy and the chord of the ram-air aerofoil wing section is too great for the wing to maintain full inflation pressure. The top and bottom surfaces of the canopy may flutter and the sink rate will increase.
Stanchion
A vertical support structure used to secure cargo, such as logs, on the upper deck of a vessel
Stand
Parking position for an aircraft on the apron
Stand-on vessel
Under the collision-prevention rules – a vessel that is required to maintain its course and speed and monitor the give-way vessel.
Standard flight route
A specified air traffic service (ATS) route from a specific
starting point to a specific end point, designed to channel the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic services. An ATS route is defined by route specifications which include an ATS route designator, the track to or from significant points (waypoints), distance between significant points, reporting requirements and the minimum safe altitude.
Standby
Crew called to be ready for duty
Standing orders
The rules posted by the vessel’s captain and/or the operator to be understood by each watchkeeper operating the vessel
STAR
standard arrival route
Starboard
The right side of a vessel when the viewer is facing forward
Starboard quarter
The starboard aft (right-hand back) part of the boat
Startle effect
Defined in SKYbrary as an uncontrollable, automatic reflex that is elicited by exposure to a sudden, intense event that violates a pilot’s expectations. SKYbrary is an international repository of aviation-related information managed by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and Flight Safety Foundation.
Statement of conformity
A statement made by an authorised person that an aeronautical product conforms to its design specification or type certificate.
Static excercise
The testing was done in the field rather than in a rail vehicle.
Static line
A connection between the main risers and the reserve activation system intended to initiate reserve activation following the release of a deployed main parachute (a cutaway).
Station
Fuselage station numbers identify locations fore and aft along an aircraft’s fuselage with the numbers being measured from a reference datum (station zero).
Station limits
Tracks within arrival and departure signals of a station. Trains within this area may move on verbal authority of a train controller or signaller.
STC
A Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) is a Type Certificate issued when an applicant has received approval to modify an aeronautical product from its original design. The STC approves not only the modification but also how that modification affects the original design.
STC
Supplemental Type Certificate
STCA
Short-term conflict alert
STCW-F
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel
Steaming
Making way through the water
Steel thimble
A metal ring with concave sides into which a rope may be spliced or seized. The thimble can then take a shackle pin, hook or rope without chafing rope into which the thimble is fitted.
Step count fault
A fault relating to the incremental positioning of a stepper motor.
Stepper motor
An electric motor that can rotate incrementally.
Stern
The rear of a vessel.
Stern frame
A heavy structural member in the stern that supports a ship’s propeller shaft and rudder system.
Stern lines
Mooring lines leading ashore from the aft end of a ship
Stevedore
Shore-based worker who loads and unloads cargo when vessels are in port
Stevedores
Shore-based workers who go on board vessels in port to load and unload cargo.
Stop drill
A stop drill hole is drilled at the end of a crack to spread the cracking force around the hole and prevent the crack propagating.
Stop-disc
A red metal disc sign equivalent to a red signal. It means ‘STOP’ and no trains are allowed to pass while the stop-disc is erected
Stored energy system
An emergency power system comprising accumulators and nitrogen cylinders used to launch lifeboats, tenders and rescue boats in an emergency
Stowage Plan
Plan showing placement of cargo within a ship or aircraft
Strain gauges
A device used to measure the strain (or stress) on an object. It consists of a conductive metallic strip that changes its electrical resistance when stretched
Stranded
When a ship or a boat is aground and cannot be refloated without assistance
Stress corrosion cracking
The growth of cracking due to stress in a corrosive environment
Stress-cycle curve
The stress life of a component is derived from testing the component with a specific load for a number of cycles until it fails. Tests are carried out at increasing loads that result in fewer cycles until failure. The results are plotted on a chart to produce an ‘S-N’ curve. This determines the fatigue limit, the point (applied load) at which any number (or for certain materials a very high number, typically 107) of cycles will not result in component failure.
Stud-bolt
A stud-bolt is a bolt with threads on both ends designed to be screwed permanently into a fixed part at one end and to receive a nut on the other end
Sub-tropical low
Sub-tropical low is a type of weather condition that can bring heavy rain with possible thunderstorms and downpours. It may also bring strong and gale-force winds.
Successful capture
The term ‘successful capture’ is used to describe commencing an instrument approach procedure in a stable,
controlled and correct manner.
Sump
The internal space at the bottom of an engine where lubricating oil accumulates, or as in this case drains into the lube-oil tank below.
Sun-strike
A condition that occurs in vehicles when the angle of sunlight hitting a windscreen creates glare that is very hard for a driver to see through.
Superintendent
A shore-based manager with the relevant technical experience to manage, supervise and inspect shipboard activities.
Superphosphate fertiliser
A manufactured fertiliser containing plant-available phosphorus and sulphur.
Superstructure
Structures built on top of a vessel’s freeboard deck
Support desk
The KiwiRail support desk takes incoming communications and network-related issues and organises staff to complete various maintenance tasks on and inspections of the rail network.
Survey
A process conducted by a qualified person to assess, monitor and report on a vessel’s condition and compliance with applicable maritime rules
Swamped
Engulfed by waves and flooded with water.
Swashplate
A device mounted on the main rotor mast that translates flight control inputs into main rotor blade movement.
Swell
Ocean waves not generated by wind in the immediate vicinity
Swim failure
A person is no longer able to swim or remain afloat.
Swing
A swing shift is a work schedule that falls outside normal business hours and spans both daytime and nighttime. The crew Fiordland Navigator crew operated on a week-on/week-off swing with change-over days on Thursdays.
Switch
Mechanism enabling rail vehicles to move from one track to another
SWMS
Safe Work Method Statement
T
Tachometer indicator
The engine and rotor RPM indication are presented to the pilot as a percentage on a dual tachometer indicator located on the instrument panel. Under normal operating conditions both the engine and rotor indications are matched in the green arc from 101–104 per cent RPM.
TAF
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast
Tail boom
The tail boom extends out from the rear of the body of the helicopter.
Tailcone
The tailcone, commonly known as the tail boom, is a structural system that extends out of the helicopter’s fuselage. The tail rotor assembly and empennage are attached to the rear of the tailcone.
Tailpin
The connecting rod that joins the couplers drawbar to the chassis and holds the carriage’s spring-pack system together, which suppresses in-train movement forces when the train is moving.
Take-off roll
The portion of the take-off procedure during which an aircraft is accelerated from a standstill to an airspeed that provides sufficient lift for it to become airborne.
Tally
Record of quantities of goods loaded or discharged
Tamper
A machine used to pack (tamp) the track ballast under railway tracks to make the tracks more level.
Tank Terminal
Facility for storage and transfer of liquid bulk products
Tapered monocoque
A structural system in which the outer skin carries all or a major part of the stresses, in a manner similar to an eggshell.
TAR
Track Access Request
Task Instruction
A Task Instruction is issued by KiwiRail and provides details of the requirements covering a specified topic. For example, the Level Crossing Alarms and Barrier Installations Task Instruction covers the testing, description, installation and maintenance requirements for level crossings.
Taxiing
Taxi means movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome or on water, excluding take-off and landing, but including, in the case of helicopters, operation over the surface of an aerodrome within a height
band associated with ground effect and at speeds associated with air taxiing
Taxiway
Path for aircraft moving between runways and aprons
TBO escalation programme
A TBO escalation programme is a CAA-acceptable means of compliance, to extend engines beyond the manufacturer’s recommended overhaul limit.
TCD Manual
The Traffic Control Devices Manual, produced by Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency
Te Huia
The operational name of the Auckland to Hamilton passenger rail service operated by KiwiRail.
Team leader
Crew member responsible for leading the hospitality services team.
Technical log
A running written record of daily flying hours and serviceability state.
Technical Standard Order
A minimum performance standard for specified materials, parts and appliances used on civil aircraft.
Teetering
‘Teetering’ is the see-saw movement of a two-blade rotor about the teeter bolt or centrally mounted rotor.
Telegraph
A telegraph is a communications device used by a bridge team to give main-engine orders to a vessel’s main engine.
Telescopic ladder
Having a construction consisting of sections designed to slide over one another
Temporary speed boards
Line-side signs that mark the start and finish of a temporary speed restriction
Temporary speed restriction
A temporary speed restriction reduces the speed limit on a track while track-related faults are waiting for repair or undergoing repair. Caution speed boards are placed next to the track, alerting a train driver 1.5 km ahead and allowing the crew to reduce the train’s speed before it reaches the known fault. This temporary speed restriction had been in place for a period of time before the weather event.
Temporary traffic management
Temporary protections put in place to protect road users from potentially hazardous or unusual situations such as roadworks or traffic accidents. Protections may be in the form of warning devices, high-visibility road cones and stop/go direction from road workers, as well as other methods.
Tender
A small vessel carried by a larger vessel, used to transport people and goods to and from a shore or another vessel
Terminal
Wharf, buildings and marshalling area
Terminal arrival altitude
A terminal arrival altitude provides a transition from an en-route structure to an approach procedure
Terminal brake test
A terminal brake test must be carried out when any locomotive-hauled train is made up or any wagon is added to a train. The test involves checking both sides of each wagon on the train to ensure the braking system is connected correctly and functioning in both application and release.
Terminal roll-on inspection
An inspection intended to detect rail vehicle irregularities that are not so apparent when the vehicle is stationary. Potential irregularities include; wheels derailed during the loading process, loose backing rings or hot axle bearings, skids or flat spots on wheels, and dragging equipment.
Terminal velocity
The equilibrium velocity that a freefalling body can attain against the resistance of the air. The greatest speed at which a body falls through the atmosphere.
Territorial waters
The marine area within 12 nautical miles (NM) of the low-water mark.
Tetrahydrocannabinol
The principal psychoactive constituent found in cannabis.
TEU
Twenty-foot equivalent unit - a container size measure
TG
Tauranga Airport
TG
Tauranga Airport
The angle of bank
The angle at which a vehicle is inclined about its longitudinal axis with respect to the plane of its curved path.
The bar
The sandbar at the harbour entrance
The International Maritime Organization (IMO)
A specialised agency of the United Nations that is the global standard-setting authority for the safety, security and environmental performance of international shipping.
The low-pressure fuel system
The low-pressure fuel system typically operated at 8 bar pressure or 800 kilopascals. Unit of pressure – 1 bar is equal to 100 kilopascals (SI metric unit)
The National Wildfire Coordinating Group
The National Wildfire Coordinating Group established standards defining how helicopter operations were to be conducted under the exclusive direction and operational control of federal, state and local agencies.
The Noises
The Noises is a group of islands, rock stacks and reefs within the inner Hauraki Gulf Marine Park/Tīkapa Moana.
The largest islands are Ōtata Island and Motuhoropapa Island.
The point of derailment (POD)
The exact location where the first wheel flange lost guidance from the rail.
The stabilised approach
The stabilised approach, based on aviation practices, has been developed by RSSB into the non-technical skills training as the Observe, Understand, Decide and Act model.
The standing orders
The rules that are posted by the vessel’s captain and/or the operator to be understood by each watchkeeper operating the vessel
The train monitoring system (TMS)
A system distributed throughout the train that is able to collect the status information of various systems and relay this to the driver and on board staff via display panels.
Third Rail
Conductor rail supplying electric power to trains
Thread root
The bottom of the groove between the two flanking surfaces of the thread.
Threshold
The beginning of an airport runway on which an aircraft can attempt to land.
Throttle position
The locomotive’s power positions between idle and eight
Throttle twistgrip
A handgrip style engine control located on the collective lever used to select cut off, ground idle and flight idle. If the FADEC system is in manual mode, the throttle twistgrip is used to modulate engine and rotor RPM
Throughput
Amount of cargo or traffic handled over a period
Thruster
A transversal propulsion device built into, or mounted to, the bow of a ship or boat to make it more manoeuvrable.
Tidal window
A period of time in which a vessel is able to conduct a manoeuvre safely, such as entering a channel or turning in a channel. During a channel transit, tidal windows indicate the opening and closing times for carrying out manoeuvres safely at different locations in a safe depth of water
Timber dunnage
Packaging material, such as timber blocks and boards, air pillows and foam, used to prevent damage to cargo and to provide friction between cargo and a deck.
Timber shoring
Props used to support or hold up an unstable object.
Time lapse
Time-lapse digital images taken five minutes apart
Time-lapse camera
A camera system that captures still digital images at regular intervals, rather than as moving video.
Timetable
Published schedule of train or flight operations
Timetable software
The timetable software used was the Operational Management System (OMS), which provided information to the train controller such as train sizes and destinations. It was used for, among other things, scheduling and train routing decisions.
Tip-over landing
A landing where the basket does not remain upright, but tips over onto its side.
Toolbox meeting
An informal safety meeting generally conducted at the job site before the start of a job or work shift – it forms part of an organisation's overall safety programme
Toolbox talk
An informal safety meeting generally conducted at the job site before the commencement of a job or work shift – it is part of an organisation's overall safety programme
Top
The longitudinal level of the running surfaces on both rails.
Top box
The top box is the sealed box located above the generator set where soundproof material covers the exhaust silencer.
Top of descend
When an aircraft transitions from the cruise phase of flight and starts to descend for the approach.
Top of descent
When an aircraft transitions from the cruise phase of flight and starts to descend for the approach
Topdressing
The aerial application of fertilisers over farmland using agricultural aircraft.
Topside
The side part of a vessel's hull above the waterline.
Torque wrench
A tool used to apply a specific torque to a fastener, such as a nut or bolt
Torsional
Twisting of the shaft caused by an applied force.
Torsional damage
Twisting of the shaft caused by applied force, in this case rotation of the tail rotor drive.
Touch-and-go
Touch-and-go is a landing followed immediately by a take-off
Towage
Service of assisting a vessel by towing or pushing
Tower
Tower provides the air traffic control service for the area on and in the immediate vicinity of the aerodrome.
Tower controller
an air traffic control position responsible for movements at a controlled aerodrome
Track Circuit
Electrical circuit used to detect train occupancy of a track section
Track circuit joint
An insulated joint separating two adjacent lengths of rail track that enables sensors to detect when a train moves from one section of rail across the insulated joint to the next section of rail. At a crossing loop within a Track Warrant controlled area, only those tracks within 400m of loop are fitted with sensors.
Track circuitry
An electrical circuit where current is carried through the rails and used to detect the absence of trains.
Track evaluation car
A track evaluation car uses a system with sensors to measure the track geometry, and computer software to continually analyse the measurements. The system produces a real-time graphical output and a separate exception report that identifies location, type and priority wherever follow-up maintenance is required.
Track formation
The track formation is the supporting material used under and around rail sleepers; it supports the track and includes the lower supporting compacted materials used in construction.
Track inspection
A track inspection is undertaken by a certified rail person, who conducts inspections of the track and structures within the rail corridor.
Track machines
Specialised machines capable of travelling on a railway to conduct track maintenance.
Track meterage
Each rail line is identified by track meterage starting from a 0.000 km location and is set out in half-kilometer and full-kilometer sections until the end of the line.
17 A rail employee who controls rail vehicle movements.
Track metrage sign
Trackside signage indicating the track meterage.
Track relays
Electrical device used in railway signalling systems to detect the presence of trains on a section of track.
Track suit
A method of detecting the presence of a train or vehicle on a line whereby an electrical device uses the rails and vehicle axles as an electrical circuit.
Track time
Track time is the time allocated by train control for track workers to take possession of a section of track to conduct maintenance or repair work. Train control provides track workers with protection from rail traffic for the duration of that time.
Track warrant
A systematised permission used on some rail lines to authorise trains’ use of the lines. Train controllers issue the permissions to drivers of trains instead of using signals. The drivers generally receive track warrants by radio.
Track warrant territory
An area operating on verbal and written instructions from train control indicating limits of authority, as opposed to following red or green trackside signals.
Track worker
A person who is part of an infrastructure team carrying out maintenance and repair of the railway track.
Track workers
Competent workers whose primary duties are associated with work on or around infrastructure in the rail corridor.
TracMap
The proprietary name for a specific GPS guidance and job-management tool utilised in various air- and ground-based agricultural operations
Traffic Collision Avoidance System
An aircraft system based on secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals, which operates independently of ground-based equipment to provide advice to pilots of potential conflicting aircraft that are equipped with SSR transponders. An SSR is a surveillance radar system that uses transmitters/receivers (interrogators) and transponders
Traffic Management Plan
A method of controlling vehicles and people within an area of unusual activity such as roadworks or major events
Traffic Management Plan (TMP)
A document outlining the position of roadworks and the various protection methods employed to carry out roadwork safely. It must be approved by a qualified person.
Trail locomotive
The locomotive at the rear in the direction of travel.
Train brake
Brakes used on the carriages to enable deceleration.
Train brake pipe
A pipe that runs the length of a train connecting all the wagons. The pipe is kept permanently under pressure. Brake control is achieved by varying the pressure in the train brake pipe.
Train control
The centre from where the movement of all rail vehicles and track access in a specified area are brought under the direction of a Train Controller
Train control diagram
A document that records all information about activity on the relevant railway line over a 24-hour period. Train controllers annotate the diagram in real time to show activities such as train movements, track occupations, track faults, temporary speed restrictions, weather events, and any other pertinent information that arises.
Train control graph
A diagram used by train controllers to record all activity on the network under their control.
Train control protections
Train control established protection by holding signals providing entry into the area at red (stop). This prevented rail traffic from entering the same area as the HRVs.
Train controller
A person qualified to authorise rail movements and track access. Train controllers operate in a train control centre.
Train data recorder
A device that continuously captures and stores train systems’ data. The data stored typically includes location, speed, locomotive power setting, brake pressure, dynamic brake, whistle activation, time and duration of radio communications, and vigilance activation and cancellation. The data is downloaded and used in the evaluation of incidents and accidents.
Train documentation
Documentation that includes speed restriction advice for the route, train work orders, details of locomotive numbers, a list of wagons in standing order, the train-end monitor number, train weight and length graphs and the train inspection certificate.
Train event recorder
A device that continuously captures and stores train systems’ data. The data stored typically includes location, speed, brake pressure, dynamic brake, whistle activation, vigilance activation and cancellation. The data is used to evaluate incidents and accidents
Train examiner
A person qualified to carry out a full terminal brake test, a pre-departure inspection above and below a wagon’s decks while a train is stationary – before issuing a certificate to the driver as confirmation that the train is safe to run to its destination.
Train Management System (TMS)
The onboard computer data system that is connected through each carriage and into the locomotive.
Train manager
Train managers are responsible for rail passenger comfort and safety. They manage passenger loading and unloading, provide passengers with information and may issue tickets, handle money and operate emergency equipment. They are supported by the train attendants in this function.
Train Manager (TM)
Manages the train’s operational requirements for the journey.
Train parting
A loss of connection between adjacent wagons, leaving the brake hose no longer connected.
Train simulation
A locomotive cab controls console, connected to a computer system, to simulate the train’s movements along the train and to record the inputs from the LE.
Train stop trip
A piece of equipment fitted to some passenger trains that activates emergency braking if the train passes certain signals at stop. Because of its design, the equipment can also be activated by an obstruction on the trackside, such as a build-up of vegetation or rock debris.
Train stop trip lever
The lever that activates the train stop trip
Train's event recorder
A device that continuously captures and stores train systems’ data. The data stored typically includes location, speed, brake pressure, dynamic brake, whistle activation, vigilance activation and cancellation. The data is used to evaluate incidents and accidents.
Train's vigilance system
A system fitted to locomotives for the protection of crew. The system can carry out a number of functions, including applying the brakes automatically when a train separates.
Train-stops
Trackside mechanical devices that activate the train brakes after a train has passed the signal at Red–Stop.
Trainee locomotive engineer
A locomotive engineer undergoing on-job training prior to certification.
Trains crossing
Rail terminology for trains meeting each other at a purpose-designed crossing loop. The crossing loop allows trains to pass each other on a single-line track.
Train’s vigilance system
A system fitted to locomotives for the protection of the crew. The system can carry out a number of functions, including applying the brakes automatically when wagons become disconnected.
Transdev Wellington
Transdev Wellington is the operator of Wellington’s Metlink rail network.
Transit Shed
Port warehouse for short-term storage of cargo
Transition heads
Equipment used to make one type of coupler compatible with a different type of coupler.
Transitional flight
The transient state as the helicopter transitions from one established flight phase to another, such as from a hover to forward flight or vice versa.
Translational lift
Improved rotor efficiency resulting from directional flight. For a main rotor this occurs at about 16-24 knots
Translational speed
An airspeed after which a helicopter’s rotor system generates additional lift for a given power setting. The exact speed is variable dependent on helicopter type and environmental conditions, but ranges from about 16 to 24 knots.
Transom
The transom is the vertical and transverse part of the hull at the extreme aft of the jet boat.
Transponder
Electronic devices that produce responses when they receive radio-frequency interrogation. Aircraft have transponders to assist in their identification on air traffic control radar
Tranz Rail
Tranz Rail was the main rail operator in New Zealand from 1991 until it was purchased by Toll Holdings in 2003.
Tranzlog
The train’s ’black box’ data recorder.
Tranzlog data recording system
Records and stores operational data from the locomotive and connecting carriages.
Trawl warp
A synthetic rope used to haul in trawl fishing nets
Trawler
A fishing vessel used for trawling
Trawling
Towing the net to catch fish
Trigger Action Response Plan (TARP)
A trigger action response plan (TARP) outlines the process to be followed if an occurrence happens.
Triggered Action Response Plan
A plan used to give guidance on responding and acting or following tested procedures in an event
TS90
KiwiRail Job Plan Book
TSB
Transportation Safety Board of Canada
TSR
Temporary Speed Restriction
TST levers
A lever connected to Transdev trains that is activated when it comes into contact with an obstruction and, in turn,
activates the train’s braking system. It was designed to interact with equipment at selected signal locations to mitigate trains running past signals at stop.
Tug
A powerful boat which helps in a mooring or unmooring operation by towing or pushing the vessel.
Tugboat
A powerful boat which helps in a mooring or unmooring operation by towing or pushing the vessel
TURAK
A STAR waypoint near Turakirae Head, located approximately 8 nautical miles south-east of Wellington Airport
Turbulence
light: slight erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude
moderate: changes in altitude and/or attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times. It usually causes variations in indicated airspeed. Occupants feel definite strain against seatbelts. Unsecured objects are dislodged. Food service and walking are difficult
severe: large, abrupt changes in altitude and/or attitude. Usually causes large variations in indicated airspeed. Aircraft may be momentarily out of control. Occupants are forced violently against seatbelts. Unsecured objects are tossed about. Food service and walking are impossible
extreme: aircraft is violently tossed about and is practically impossible to control. May cause structural damage
Turnbuckles
A screw device used for adjusting the tension or the length of ropes, cables, tie rods and other tensioning systems.
Turning moment
The rudder’s force acting over the distance to the vessel’s pivot point, resulting in a turning effect
Turnout
Assembly of rails allowing trains to diverge from a track
TWACS
A computer-based system used by train controllers to prepare and issue track warrants safely. It does so by checking against previous prepares, issues and cancellations to ensure that conflicts do not exist.
TWC
Track Warrant Control
Tween deck
A space between two continuous decks of a vessel. In this case the ‘tween deck was made by inserting removable pontoons to divide the cargo hold, creating an extra deck between the bottom of the cargo hold and the hatch top.
Tween deck pontoons
Raft-like steel structures used to partition cargo holds into ‘tween and mezzanine decks as required.
Twist
A variation in cant over a base length of 4 m.
Twist lock
Inserts into the corner casting of a shipping container to allow the container to be connected and locked to other containers
Twist locks
Twist locks are fitted to shipping containers to allow the containers to lock together when stacked. See Glossary for photo of a twist lock.
Type 14 bogies
Metal frames, each equipped with two wheelsets and able to rotate freely in plan, used in pairs under a wagon body to improve ride quality and better distribute forces to the track.
Type 401 lifejackets
Designed to keep the wearer in a face up position while in the water.
Type Certificate
A Type Certificate is issued by a Regulatory Authority and signifies the airworthiness of a particular category of aircraft, according to its manufacturing design.
Type rating
The authorisation associated with a pilot’s licence that states the pilot is qualified to fly a specific model of aircraft
U
UAS
Unmanned Aircraft System, another name for a drone
UAV
Unmanned aerial vehicle
UAVNZ
The UAV (drone) division of the Aviation Industry Association of New Zealand.
UK
United Kingdom
UMS
Unattended Machinery Space
Unanticipated yaw
Uncommanded yaw of a helicopter that is not linked to any failure and is not related to full loss of tail rotor thrust
UNCLOS
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Uncontrolled class G airspace
Under ICAO Annex 11 and New Zealand Civil Aviation Rules Part 71 – Designation and Classification of Airspace, airspace is divided into seven classifications: classes A to G. Class G is uncontrolled airspace.
Classes B, E and F are not available in New Zealand
Under-keel Clearance
Minimum distance between the keel and seabed
Underway
When underway, a vessel is no longer secured to a wharf, a seabed or any other stationary object.
UNICOM
UNICOM Service means a ground radio communications service in the aeronautical mobile service providing local aerodrome information for the facilitation of aviation, and, for the avoidance of doubt, a UNICOM service is not an air traffic service (see CAR 1 Definitions and Abbreviations; for further information see Appendix 3).
Unmooring
A procedure to release and cast off the lines of a vessel from the fixtures to which it is moored
Unrigging
To stow away equipment
Unshielded operation
A shielded operation (or shielded flight) is one in which a drone remains within 100 m of, and below the top of, a natural or man-made object: for example, trees, a building or tower. When flying shielded it is permissible to fly at night and also to fly within controlled airspace without Air Traffic Control clearance. This is because other aircraft are unlikely to be flying so low and close to structures.
UP direction
Trains running towards Otiria in the North Island and towards Picton in the South Island are travelling in the UP direction
Up main line
A portion of rail track on a multiline rail network on which trains are run in the up direction.
Upper sheave
A grooved pulley. The engine drives the upper sheave with multiple pulley belts.
UPS
Uninterruptable power supply
Upwind leg
A flight path parallel to the landing runway in the direction of landing.
UTC
Universal Time Coordinated
V
VAI
The trade association for the global civil vertical-aviation industry; formerly the Helicopter Association International (HAI), it changed its name to reflect the growth of non-helicopter vertical aviation, including drones.
VAI
Vertical Aviation International
Validate
Confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that the particular requirements for a specific intended use are fulfilled.
In terms of a flight plan clearance, a controller will validate a flight plan when the details match what has been filed with the air traffic service, and the plan is ready to be activated.
VDR
Voyage Data Recorder
Vectran
A multifilament yarn spun from liquid crystal polymer and manufactured by Kuraray.
Veer-off
An aircraft departs the side of a runway
VEMD
Vehicle and Engine Multifunction Display
Vent line
A line, normally coloured red and white, used to open a vent at the top of an envelope and increase the rate of descent.
Ventilation damper
A valve that stops or regulates the supply of air to the ventilation fan.
Versine
The distance from the circumference of a circle to the mid-point of a chord of that circle
Vertical load
The downward force on an individual wheel can vary as a wagon travels along a track. When the vertical load is low compared to the lateral force, the wheel can climb the rail, potentially leading to a derailment.
Vertical situation display
A vertical situation display provides a profile view of an aircraft along its programmed descent path, and can include terrain.
Vertical stabilisers
Designed to provide an aerodynamic force to reduce pilot’s pedal input when the helicopter is in forward flight.
Vessel predictor
A line or shape on a vessel’s radar or ECDIS that shows the predicted track of the vessel calculated from external inputs of heading, rate of turn, speed
Vessel's draught
The depth of the hull immersed in the water
Vessel's firefighting plan
A shipyard plan that shows the layout of the vessel and locations of firefighting systems, equipment and control stations and other relevant information.
Vessel's flag state
The country where a ship is registered.
Vessel's trail
A residual radar image that represents a vessel’s past track over a user-defined period of time.
Vessels of opportunity
Nearby commercial and recreational vessels used to assist with a response.
Vessels' arrival draught
How deep a ship sits in the water.
Vestibule
An enclosed area at the end of rail carriages containing a doorway leading to adjoining carriages
VFR
Visual flight rules
VFR flight
A flight conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules, when meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling are equal to or better than specified minima
VHF
Very high frequency
Vigilance system
A system that will directly initiate an emergency brake application if an acknowledgment input is not received within a specified time increment
Virtual aid to navigation
A virtual aid to navigation is a navigational feature or hazard that is displayed on a vessel’s chart plotter, AIS display or other receiving equipment within range.
Visible moisture
Cloud or freezing rain
Visual
A ‘visual’ call provides confirmation that: the pilot is able to maintain continuous visual reference with the terrain ahead: the visibility is equal to or greater than the minima prescribed for the approach; and the pilot is able to make a normal landing.
Visual approach
An approach to a runway at an airport conducted under instrument flight rules, but where the pilot proceeds by visual reference and clear of clouds to the airport
Visual flight conditions
Clear of cloud and in sight of ground or water.
Visual flight rules
Operating requirements that include the flight visibility and clearance from cloud to be above specified minima
Void
An empty, enclosed space on a vessel that is not normally used by the crew.
VOLMET
An aviation weather forecast service for selected airfields, transmitted over a five-minute interval every 30 minutes on specified high-frequency radio channels (AIP GEN 3.5, p. 30).
Voyage charter
When a vessel and crew are hired for a voyage carrying a specified cargo between a load port and a discharge port
Voyage data recorder
Equipment that records information sourced from various on-board systems, including bridge microphone recordings.
VRS
Vortex Ring State
VTS
Vessel Traffic Service providing navigational assistance and monitoring
W
Wagon
A wagon is a rail vehicle that moves freight on the rail network.
Warning boards
Sometimes referred to as ‘outer warning boards’, a series of boards placed ahead of compulsory stop boards to indicate to a train driver that the train is approaching a worksite and it will need to be stopped at the compulsory stop boards (see Figure 8 for the standard positions of warning boards)
Warning devices
Devices that control vehicular and/or pedestrian traffic at level crossings using flashing lights, bells, barrier arms, gates or a combination of these devices.
Warp
A synthetic rope used to haul in a trawl fishing net.
Warping drum
Devices that provide power to haul on a rope or cable.
Washout
A situation where the formation under a rail track has been removed by water, resulting in the remaining track being unsupported and unsafe for rail traffic.
Watchkeeping alarm
An automated alarm designed to monitor the alertness of watchkeepers, while the ship is underway.
Water ingress
When water makes its way into the boat through a leak or crack
Watertight
Capable of preventing the passage of water in any direction under the head of water likely to occur.
Watertight integrity
A portion of a vessel, normally below the main working deck, is sealed off to provide buoyancy. If a vessel has watertight integrity it means these spaces have not been breached
Wav
Wav stands for waveform audio file, which is an audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on personal computers
Wave height
The vertical distance from the trough of a wave to the following wave crest
Wave period
The time it takes two successive wave crests to pass a specified point.
Wave spotter buoy
A drifting waverider buoy.
Wave trains
A group of progressing waves of about the same wavelength moving in the same direction at about the same speed.
Wavelength
The distance from the trough in front of the wave and the trough behind the wave.
Waverider buoy
A buoy fitted with instruments that precisely measure directional waves for direction, heights, periods and energy data.
Waypoint
A specified point on a chart for a planned passage
Weather minima
The specified limits in visibility and cloud base used to assess against forecasted visibility and cloud base.
Weather Risk Matrix
In the Weather Risk Matrix, the four colour codes are Green – no impact, Yellow – minimal impact, Amber – high to very high impact, and Red – widespread impacts across the network.
WECS
Wärtsilä engine control system
Well-decked vessel
The vessel’s deck is exposed to weather and sea, watertight against a head of 1.2 metres of sea water, and fitted with solid sides that would impede the drainage of water over the side.
Wet winching
Retrieval of people from water.
WETA system
Work Entry Train Alert system
WF
Wanaka
WH
Wellington Hospital
Wharf
Quayside structure where ships may load or unload
Wheel climb
The action of a rail wheel being driven up the running face of a rail, resulting in a derailment.
Wheel-over
The point at which a ship’s wheel is put over to initiate the turning of the vessel
Wheelhouse
Enclosed area on a ship from which it is steered
Wheelset
Two rail wheels mounted on a joining axle.
White arrows
White, non-reflective and non-illuminated diagonal arrows on the uprights of signal posts pointing to the track the signal is controlling. These are unique to signals 99 and 100 in Wellington and assist signal identification
Wiggle wire
A wiggle wire is a continuous wire rope used to tighten the log cargo by passing the wire from side to side over a log deck cargo and through a series of blocks held in place by foot wires.
WIL
Wallace Investments Limited
Winch
A mechanical device used to pull in or let out or otherwise adjust the tension of a rope or wire
Winch drum
The winch drum is made up of the storage drum and the tension drum
Wind backs
When wind backs, the direction moves anti-clockwise. It veers when moving clockwise.
Wind shadow
A space downwind of an obstacle where the wind flow is affected by the obstacle.
Wind shear
A change in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance
Windage area
The exposed area of one side of a vessel above the waterline
Winding points
Sometimes referred to as ‘hand winding points’; refers to manually operating a set of points by utilising a hand crank or lever to set the route
Windlasses
A horizontally mounted mechanical device used for handling heavy anchor chains, often also equipped to work as a winch.
Windward side
The side from which the wind is blowing
Wire eye
A loop of rope or wire, usually spliced or clamped with a ferrule.
Wire rope terminations
The end or ends of a wire rope made by forming an eye through splicing or using engineered fittings
Witness mark
A physical mark made when a wheel flange climbs up and across a railhead (the bulbous upper part of a rail section).
Witness marks
Physical marks such as those made on a rail by a derailed wheel.
WN
Wellington Airport
Work group
A group of infrastructure workers who repair and upgrade track and infrastructure
Work train
A non-revenue train delivering equipment or materials to or collecting them from a worksite.
Workboat
A boat used to carry out port maintenance tasks such as surveying, mooring maintenance and towing.
Workside boards
A set of boards that indicates the start and finish points of an individual worksite in a PWA.A place where people and equipment cannot be struck by passing rail traffic.
Worksite
An area with defined limits that is protected so that work can be undertaken.
WP
Whenuapai Airport Auckland
WU
Whanganui
Y
Yard
Complex of railway tracks for sorting assembling and storing trains
Yaw
A rotation of a helicopter around its vertical axis, either left or right in direction.
Yawing
Yawing or yaw is movement of an aircraft about its vertical axis. In effect, for a single rotor helicopter it rotates below the main rotor.
Yaw stability augmentation system
Intended to smooth out small fluctuations in yaw to reduce a pilot’s workload. Airbus Helicopters stated that it has limited authority and would not be able to counteract an uncommanded yaw.
Z
Zero Harm
KiwiRail’s health, safety and environment department
Zero porosity
The ratio of the open area to the closed area in fabric. Graded as high, low or zero, porosity indicates the ability of the canopy material to allow air to pass through it. Zero-porosity fabric is treated to obtain that grade
Zero-porosity
This indicates the fabric’s ability to allow air to pass through it. Porosity is the ratio of the open area to the closed area in fabric. Graded as high, low or zero, porosity indicates the ability of the canopy material to allow air to pass through it. Zero-porosity fabric is treated to obtain that grade.
